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COPYRIGHT DEPO^Hi 



Universal (jraham JYLanual 

Adapted to 

Graham Phonography 



A simple presentation. One style of writing, taught as 

reporters write it. Especially designed for 

shorthand schools, and for self- instruction 



By 

WILLIAM L. MUSICK 



With extensive vocabulary of word-signs, phrases 
and contractions. Purely Graham 



The Third Thousand 



Published by 

W. L. MUSICK PUBLISHING CO, 

ST. LOUIS, MO. 

1912 



Copyright, 1912. 
BY NELLE I. MUSICK. 



CCI.A3165I7 ff 

fro r*~ 



PREFACE 

This book presents the latest Graham Shorthand, on the idea of 
teaching a principle and at once giving exercises whereby the 
principle just learned is fixed in the mind by practice, thus the 
mind and hand are trained to move together. 

There is no system easier and none that can be learned prop- 
erly, quicker than this system, as here presented. Facility in ap- 
plying any principle learned comes by actually writing something 
that involves it. No one can think it into the hand. It must be 
done by practice. It is mental drudgery to attempt to hold all 
the theory or principles in the mind until they are all finished be- 
fore commencing to write. Writing words only is no relief, and 
writing sentences is not sufficient. Expression, either orally or 
by writing, is the secret of fixing anything permanently in the 
mind, and actually writing matter with the principles involved 
trains the hand to write what the mind is getting permanently 
fixed at the same time. It is the natural way and makes short- 
hand simple. 

There is no one principle in shorthand that is difficult to learn. 
It requires a very short time to learn a principle, but to keep it 
learned by getting it fixed in the mind, is the all-important thing. 
The natural way to do this is to begin at once to use it. This 
book is arranged to present the system in this way and will save 
months of tedious, discouraging work. 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Straight consonant strokes 5 

Curved consonant strokes 6 

Joinings 7 

Consonant strokes, continued 7 

Complete alphabet 9 

Brief signs 9 

First place vowels 10 

Position 10 

Second place vowels 11 

Position 12 

Third place vowels 13 

Diphthongs 14 

Consecutive vowels 14 

Sentence writing 15 

Omission of vowels 15 

Context 16 

Vowel word-signs 16 

Consonant stroke word-signs 17 

Sentence writing 18 

Dictation and writing suggestion 19 

Circles and Loops 19 

As, has, is, his, us, self 21 

Word-signs 22 

Ticks 23 

Proximity 23 

"To" prefixed 23 

I, How, H-tick 25 

Business Letters 26 

Brief W and Y 28 

Word-signs and Phrases 30 

Contractions 31 

Enlarged Way and Yay 31 

Business Letters 32 

Affixes 35 

Mp and Mb 36 

Wh— Hw 36 

Ar and Ray 36 

El and Lay 37 

Ish and Shay 6-38 

Word-signs 38 

Business Letters 39 



CONTENTS 

Page 

Initial Hooks 42 

Mer and Ner 43 

Special Vocalization 44 

In-Hook 45 

Ler and Rel .- 46 

Words added 46 

Word-signs and Phrases 47 

Business Letters 48 

Final Hooks 50 

Circles and Loops added 51 

Words added 52 

Word-signs and Contractions 53 

Business Letters 54 

Shon and Tive Hooks 56 

Eshon-Hook 56 

Lengthening 58 

Words added 59 

Dher-Tick 59 

Lengthening straight strokes 60 

Word-signs and Phrases 60 

Business Letters 61 

Halving Principle , . . 64 

Ted, Ded 64 

Word-signs and Contractions 68 

Business Letters 69 

Contracted Prefixes 72 

Words added 75 

Word-signs 75 

Business Letters 76 

Contracted Suffixes 79 

Business Letters 83 

Vocabulary — Word-signs, Phrases, Contractions 86-95 



Universal Graham Manual 



LESSON I. 

1. Straight Consonant Strokes: 

Letter: p b t d ch j k g 

Sign: \ \ J J Z / = ^ 

Name: Pee Bee Tee Dee Chay Jay Kay Gay 

The name of the stroke represents its sound in pronouncing a 
word in which the consonant is used. Chay and Jay are always 
written downward. The strokes should be about one-sixth of an 
inch long. The light strokes should be written very light, and 
the heavy strokes with a slight pressure, just enough to dis- 
tinguish them'. The slant of Chay and Jay is naturally slightly 
less than Pee and Bee. Tee and Dee must be vertical to be sure 
not to conflict with Chay and Jay. 

Exercise I. 

Learn the above group of the Phonographic alphabet by writing it 
many times, and at the same time calling the name, orally or men- 
tally, as each stroke is written, as in the following: 

A.\J LZZ— l__\X1 1 //— ~A\..1.±Z.Z 

Phonography has a sign for each distinct sound. For con- 
venience, the consonant sounds are taught first. The silent let- 
ters in a word, as ugh in dough, though, b in doubt, t in ditch, 
a in tea, etc., are not expressed in writing words in shorthand. 
Only the sounds are expressed that are necessary to pronounce 
the word. These sounds properly expressed in shorthand form 
the outline of a word. 

2. Joining Straight Strokes. — All of the consonant strokes 
in a word are joined without lifting the pen. The first descend- 
ing stroke rests on the line. If the first stroke is horizontal and 
the second descending, write the first stroke the height of t-stroke 
above the line SO' the descending stroke may rest on the line. 
When a straight stroke is repeated, write it double-length, as one 
stroke. If a light and heavy stroke are joined without an angle, 
let the heavy stroke taper to the light one. The joined strokes in 
a word are called its outline. 



6 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Exercise II. 

Read and write the following joined strokes or outlines: 

i Z- Z. Z_ Z- L. L J \_ \ — 

■*■«- "- U ^ V V kzAcz- 

3 \ \ I I — — / 

-' ■"> > { > => 3 -1 I 

Write the outlines for the following words: 

1. Check, chug, joke, jug, take, tug, touch, peck, peg. 

2. Deck, dug, dope, putty, package, baggage, tobacco, Topeka. 

3. Pope, Bub, toad, data, cake, keg, gawk, gewgaw, judge. 

4. Page, dodge, chatty, ditch, kitty, gaudy, body, duty. 

Note. — Bear in mind that the silent letters and the vowels are not 
represented in these outlines. Only the consonant strokes that are 
used in pronouncing the word. 



Curved Consonant Strokes. 
3. First Group: 

Letter: f v th dh s z sh zh 

S^: V^ L ( ( ) ..) A. 2 

Name: Ef Vee Ith Dhee Es Zee Ish Zhay 

Note. — The above strokes are all written downward when standing 
alone. 



Exercise III. 

Learn the above group by writing it many times, as follows: 

ALiai-ZJ LV.Li.)..l..j..j. LL.L.C1) 1..J. 

4. Ish, Shay. — The stroke for sh is always written downward 
when standing alone, but when joined to another stroke it may be 
written upward or downward to suit the convenience in joining. 
When it is written downward it is called Ish, but when written 
upward it is called Shay. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Exercise IV. 



Use Shay after Tee and Dee and before and after Lay. Note that 
a heavy straight and curve stroke joined, is written with a shade 
throughout, as in Dee-Vee, Vee-Gay. Learn the joinings as follows: 



i XL X—U. J J -A— 2 Y---J- 

*\ ^ t x 1 <L b V- S= 1 - 

•=>■ "^ L ^- V h t S > 

* s -y i h j r^ v- : t- 

y i y< ) 4 s t 



Write the outlines for the following words: 

1. Tush, shake, dash, shady, shape, push, cash, bath, tooth. 

2. Puffy, above, defy, sheath, shave, fishy, faith, five, shaggy. 

3. Gash, covey, ask, evoke, vouch, thatch, taffy, veto, bush. 

4. Fop, Bessie, Estey, Fido, daisy, shadow, fetch, coffee. 

5. Path, asp, push, shop, bathe, shabby, fatty, Davey, death, thud. 

6. Chaffy, vouch, fig, fife, thick, fuzzy, evoke, gush, see-saw, shave. 

Write the outlines for the following words. 

1. Pity, ditch, cage, cake, cup, Kate, tape, touch, keg. 

2. See-saw, shave, fussy, fig, Davey, dash, thud, fatty, death. 

3. Veta, tooth, thick, five, bath, tooth, cash, gush, fetch. 

4. Dodge, chub, judge, pipe, gap, beauty, duty, tissue, bush. 



LESSON II. 

Consonant Strokes. 
5. Second Group: 

Letter: 1 r rmnngwyh 

Sl ^-- _ r ^ z. ,=, w„ ^ ^ c </. 

Name : Lay Ar Ray Em En Ing Way Yay Hay 

Write Lay, Ray and Hay upward. Write Way, Yay and Ing 
with a slight pressure. Way, Yay and Ar are always written 
downward. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Exercise V. 

Learn the above group by writing it many times, and read the 
strokes forward and backward or out of their regular order. Thus: 



A 



2UL*L 



.X.C.Z.. 



6. El, Lay. — When standing alone, the stroke-l is always writ- 
ten upward, but when joined to another stroke it may be written 
upward or downward for convenience in joining. When written 
downward it is called £/, and when written upward it is Lay. 

C- C^- & --C^- CU tCs, £=> 

El-Gay Lay-Em El-Ing Lay-Ar El-En Lay-Pee El-Em 

7. Ray, Chay. — Ray is always written upward, and Chay is 
always written downward, hence Ray is more slanting, naturally. 
When they are joined to other strokes, they are easily distin- 
guished by their direction. Thus : 

L _ZZ ^ 1 ^z 2 _Z_ 



Chay Ray Lay-Chay Lay-Ray Kay-Chay Kay-Ray EnnChay Em-Ray 

Exercise VI. 
8. Read the following outlines by calling the name of each 
stroke as it occurs, then write them and call the name of each 
stroke as it is written. It will do no good to draw them without 
calling or thinking the name of the stroke. Note carefully how 
the strokes are joined: 

>JL±* X_ v: A =* r\ A :rv.A=.. 




UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 9 

Write the outlines for the folloiving words: 

1. Palm, map, ping, pale, rap, Europe, nap, robe, knob, beam. 

2. Beach, hobby, mob, motto, tongue, dale, lady, road, meadow, chill. 

3. Jail, lodge, image, cool, lake, came, make, folly, life, fur. 

4. Ferry, fame, muff, valley, love, lath, theme, wrath, mouth, foul. 

5. King, ink, match, jar, Jerry, heavy, sower, Assyria, zeal, lazy. 

6. Rosy, theory, lower, Laura, Luna, rally, roar, ring, gnash, lull. 

7. Lehew, early, lame, error, arm, rain, mail, merry, narrow, many. 

8. Omaha, hurry, money, among, holy, kneel, name, honey, shell, 
shower. 

9. Memory, rarely, fairly, farm, tailor, comely, horror, public, alarm. 

9. The Complete Phonetic Alphabet: 



X... 


V 


1 


! 


Z / __ _ 


Pee 


Bee 


Tee 


Dee 


Chay Jay Kay Gay 


k 


k_ 


( 


( 


J ) J... J 


Ef 


Vee 


Ith 


Thee 


Es Zee Ish Zhay 


r .. 


."V 


.z...,. 


^-^ 


w w .^ ( £_ 


Lay 


Ar 


Ray 


Em 


En Ing Way Yay Hay 



Brief Signs for s, z, w, y, h. 

j ) , ^ i c , , 



Es Zee Iss Way weh wuh Yah yeh yuh Hay heyH-dot. 

(h-tick) 

The brief sign for s ox z (eircle-s) is called Iss. The brief 
sign for Way is weh, when open to the right, and suggests the 
sound in we or with; when open to the left it is wuh, and sug- 
gests the sounds in what or would. The brief sign for Yay is 
yeh when open upward, and suggests the sound in yet; when open 
downward it is yuh and suggests the sound in you. The h-tick 
is heh and suggests the sound in he. 



LESSON III. 

Vowels. 

10. The vowel sounds are a, c, i, o, u (each of which repre- 
sents more than one sound). These vowel sounds are repre- 
sented by dots and dashes. Outlines for words are vocalized bv 
writing the vowel signs at the side of the stroke. Long vowels 
are represented by heavy dots or dashes, and short vowels by light 
ones. 

They are written at the side of the stroke. At the beginning 



Vowels. 


Sounds. 


Signs 


E 


(e) 


1... 


I 


(i) 


1 



10 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

they are first-place vowels; at the middle, second-place; and at 
the end, third-place vowels. For convenience, a stroke is used to 
show the position of the vowels in the following illustration. 
Thus : 



First-Place Vowels. 

eat, and as heard in tree, tea. 

it, " " " " in, tick. 

aw (a) I ought, " " " " all, law. 

O (6) I odd, " " " " Rob, chop. 

These sounds may be more easily fixed in the mind by the use 
of the following sentences, as they contain the vowel sounds given 
above. These vowels are written at the beginning of the strokes : 

'I I *£-4i\. ,^\ .1 jT-jC-[ 

Eat it all, Rob. Keep it all locked. 

11. Directions. — Notice that when the vowel sign is placed 
before the stroke the vowel precedes the consonant in spelling the 
word ; and when the vowel sign is placed after the stroke, the 
vowel sound follows the consonant in spelling the word. 

12. Position of Words. — Words containing first-place vow- 
els, and composed entirely of horizontal strokes are written in the 
first-position (that is, the height of Tee above the line) ; but words 
having perpendicular or slanting strokes, are written in the sec- 
ond-position (that is, on the line). 



Exercise VII. 

13. Learn the use of the first-place vowels and the positions, 
by reading and copying each line in the following exercise not 
less than five times. e=ea, ie, as in veal, thief; a^ou, aw, au, 
as in bought, shawl, gauze. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



11 




; ^ ^ j v <£ 



Write the following words and insert the vowels: 

1. Key, knee, maw, knock, meek, knee, kick, king, comic. 

2. Keep, peak, cheek, fear, zeal, rear, wreath, ream, peach, leak. 

3. Paw, raw, itch, rich, pill, fill, pitch, limb, pick, pith, chill. 

4. Chalk, wrong, haughty, long, tall, Paul, wrought, talk, all, gawdy. 

5. Rob, body, folly, holly, foggy, dimly, picnic, peep, bob, shawl. 

G. Kneel, Minnie, balk, mock, teach, Lizzie, ball, dodge, veal, sheaf. 



Second-Place Vowels. 

14. The second-place vowels are written midway the stroke. 
Vowels. Sounds. Signs. 

A (a) "I ate, and as heard in day, ache. 

(5) I ode, " " " " so, gold. 

E (e) \ ebb, " " " " met, set. 

U (u) _X... U P> " " " " tub, hub. 

These sounds may be more easily fixed in the mind by the fol- 
lowing words and sentence. Notice that the long or heavy second- 
place vowels are written after the first stroke, when they come be- 
tween two strokes. The short or light second-place vowels are 
written before the second stroke, when they come between two 
strokes : 



\ 



.fc \r. \_±_. 



/L t: ~3 k. 



Pay, 



toll, bell, buck. 



Jake 



Dole get 



up. 



12 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



15. Position of Words. — Words composed entirely of hor- 
izontal strokes, having second-place vowels, are written in the 
second-position (on the line). Words containing perpendicular 
or slanting strokes should be written so that the first descending 
stroke rests on the line. Strokes made upward in the second- 
position should begin at the line. 



Exercise VIII. 

16. Learn the use of the second-place vowels and the position 
by reading and writing repeatedly the following : 

a=ai, ei, as in air, heir, skein, sleigh, and ey in prey. o : =eau, ou, 
ough, ow, as in beau, four, dough, bowl. e=i, as in sir, bird. u=ea, 
as in learn, earnest. 



s \_..^r....\^... 



y... 



^ * ^ 



* M^:,zr£ iA^h.- 




Exercise IX. 



Write the following words and insert the voicels: 
1. Shale, shoal, shell, shuck, male, mole, bell, bug. 

Came, maim, name, many, neck, monkey, cake, keg, make. 

Bake, bowl, beck, buck, cape, cope, knoll, roam, lake, luck. 

Fail, death, wretch, wreck, dare, faith, fair, fir, purr, fuzzy, 



2. 

3. 

4. 
fussy. 

5. 
public. 

6. Melody, lurk, honey, mussy, tush, rubbish, four, mull, lazily, firm 



Hurried, hurriedly, luckily, borrowed, holy, muddy, cup, fur 






UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



13 



17. The Signs: 
Ah (a) \- 



LESSON IV. 

Third-Place Vowels. 



bah, and as heard in arm, art, heart. 



A (a) -I at, " 
U (65) (u) _) ooze, " 



" tack, back, cat. 
" sure, shoe, poor. 



Oo (oo) (u) 



oot, 



foot, pull, book, put. 



These vowels are written at the end of the strokes, either be- 
fore or after, as the case may be. The following may help to fix 
them in the mind. They are written in the second-position : 



,A ZL 



Arch, match, pool, book. 



March, back, poor, 



cook. 



Note. — All third-place vowels that come between two strokes are 
written before the second stroke. 

Exercise X. 

18. Learn the use of the third-place vowels and the position by 
reading and writing the following repeatedly : 




Write the following words and insert the vowels: 



Calm, march, cash, match, pool, tool, book, foot, arm, arch. 

Far, farm, tack, lack, cool, cooler, full, bush, loop, took. 

Ark, marsh, shack, rack, doom, boor, look, rook, arnica, shallow. 

Jar, tar, palm, calmly, Czar, patch, catch, path, taffy, cap. 

Lag, lath, rally, rank, bank, married, harrowed, alarm, mash 



1. 

2. 
3. 
4. 
5. 
douche. 

6. Push, pull, booth, tour, tomb, coop, book, bush, shook, Canada 



14 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Diphthongs. 

19. A diphthong is the union of two simple vowel sounds in 
one syllable. 

The Signs: 

I (T,ai) 1 tie, and as heard in ice, my, aisle. 

Oi (6i, oy) J toy, " " " " oil, loyal, boy. 

Ow (ou, ow) \^ bough, " " " " out, cow, town. 

U (u, ew) ■, /.. Jew > " " " " view, sue, rule. 

20. Directions. — The sign for % should always point down- 
ward and be written in the first-place (at the beginning). The 
sign for oi should always point upward and be written in first- 
place. The signs for on and u are always written in third-place ; 
the sign for ou pointing upward and the sign for u pointing to 
the left. Thus : 

X 1 V /,. c *c ^ ^ 

buy boy bough chew lie oil row rule 

21. These signs may be joined to the stroke when convenient. 
Thus : 



:> C ^ _ D £... 1 1+ 

eyes oil bough cue icy oily Ida Isaac 



22. Consecutive Vowels. — When a word begins with two 
vowel sounds with separate signs, write both signs but place the 
second nearest the stroke. See Iota. When a word ends with 
two separate vowel sounds, write the first nearest the stroke. See 
idea. 

When two separate vowel sounds come between two strokes, 
write one to each stroke, if convenient, as in poem, opium ; if not 
convenient, write both to one stroke, as in duel, tower. Thus : 

^ 'A t^Z t- 4* S N^..^k £ L , 

A' 

Owen, iota, ionic, idea, Genoa, payee, poem, opium, duel, tower. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 15 

Exercise XI. 

23. Learn the use of the diphthongs by reading and writing 
repeatedly the following : 

iJW^i,^ r_ 1^ k fc: $*z „JZ H 

■JL-^S. /± 3 L*. A S* Z^ <=£. G. U 

3.1 4, ^JiJb— :.. Lz... \ X. ^ b± 

4.1 ^2 ^ z: ^ vd\ l, z£z^..j^..: 

1 U \* L^ Z^ / ~3: fa zai^C 



«....?*:.'. irt v < i:Z ^ kf_n^i_ 



Write the following words and insert the vowels: 

1. Pipe, mile, ripe, tire, type, boy, toil, boil, coil, royal. 

2. Cow, bough, allow, mouth, avow, rout, hew, renew, mule, lieu, 
view. 

3. Idea, Genoa, Noah, iota, ionic, fiery, opiate, Cheyenne, shower, 
towel. 

4. Eyed, lime, awry, aisle, annoy, boiler, decoy, joyous, oiler, loyal. 

5. Adieu, fuel, bureau, tube, cube, Judea, gaiety, allure, renewal, 
radii. 

6. Aerial, dual, power, bias, byer, oceanic, dowel, endow, rowdy. 



Sentence Writing. 

24. Omit Vowels. — There is a vast difference between 
writing lists of words and writing sentences, where the meaning 
(the context) assists so much in determining the word intended. 
Words standing alone must be written in full, vowels and all, in 
order to be certain ; while in sentences it is perfectly safe to omit 
the vowels in most cases, and depend upon the outline and the 
accented vowel indicated by the position. Usually when a vowel 
begins a word it is well to indicate the vowel, but even this is not 
necessary after sufficient experience in writing. 

The different positions (first, second and third) represent 
vowel sounds, but the only or accented vowel in a word determines 
the position, and the sense of the sentence (the context) deter- 
mines which sound the outline takes. Omitting the vowels, ex- 
cept in unusual and infrequent words, is a great saving of time 



16 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

and adds much to the increase of speed in writing. The more 
experience one has, the less it will be necessary to insert the 
vowels. 

25. Context. — The context in a sentence is the light or 
meaning thrown on a word by the words that go before and 
after it. In the sentence: "We will slip the books by freight," 
it would be absurd to read shp for sheep or shop. However, 
there are cases where the context does not show so plainly what 
the word is, so whenever the word is unusual or infrequent a 
vowel may be inserted. It is frequently necessary to indicate 
an initial vowel. 

Vowel and Diphthong Word-Signs. 

26. Perhaps two hundred common, frequent, recurring words 
make up eighty per cent of the business vocabulary. Some of 
these words occur in every sentence, spoken or written. Such 
words are represented by a simple stroke or sign, to facilitate 
speed in writing. These are called word-signs, and when they 
become as familiar as the figures 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and can be written 
without any more thought or hesitation, they become perfectly 
legible and greatly increase the speed of writing. 

Learn the following word-signs: 

a • 

an, and • - all 

the already 

ought 
of ' 

or ; too, two 

on owe 

who-m 
to \ j , 

but '"" I, eye, high 

should how 

Note. — On and should are usually written downward when standing 
alone, but when they are joined to other words, it is usually more con- 
venient to write them upward. 

27. The sign for- 7 or high may be joined to another stroke to 
form a word. Use only the first stroke of the sign for 7 in join- 
ing to Lay. 

3 n ^ ,1 ^ C 

eyes, eyed, eying, height, higher, highly. 

Consonant Stroke Word-Signs. 

28. The consonant strokes are also used to represent some of 
the common, frequent, recurring words. They are written in 
three positions (first, second, third) as indicated in the following 



N. 


1 ' 


. N 


1 / 


V 


y\. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



17 



list of word-signs. They are distinguished by the position. In 
most cases the stroke and the vowel indicated by the position sug- 
gest the word, but these word-signs should be learned so well that 
they become as familiar as the longhand alphabet or the figures 
I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. 

'29. Position. — These word-signs usually take the position 
of the only or accented vowel, but to avoid confusion it has been 
found practical to write some of them out of the position denoted 
by the only or accented vowel. On account of some words being- 
represented by the same stroke and in the same position, it would 
seem that they would be confusing, and if standing alone without 
the assistance of the meaning of the sentence, they would be, but 
in all such cases the context is sufficient to determine the word in- 
tended in the following list : 



up 

hope, happy, party 

are 

hv. buv 
be 
to be 

time 

it 

at, out 

dollar 

do 

bad, advertise-d-uieut 

each 

which 
much 

large 

advantage 
common, kingdom 

come 

will 
whole 

give-n 

go, together 

ago 

here, hear, her 
our. hour 
your 

why 
way 
away 



V 



H 



\ 



/ 



/ 



/ 



■^ 

^ 






C 



if. off 

for 

few, half 

ever 
have 
however 

think 

thank-ed. thousand 



thee, thy 
they, them 
though, thou 

see, saw 

so 

us, use (n) 

was 
use (v) 
usual-ly 

wish, she 
shall, shalt 
issue 

he 

me. my 

him, am, may 

in. any 
know, no 
own 

thing 

language 

long 



t 
^ 



^ ^ 



^ 



L 



J 



J. 



( 

< 

J 

J 



30. Punctuation. — With the exception of the following 
marks the ordinary signs of punctuation are used : 



period, paragraph, hyphen, 



dash, parenthesis, (Rome) 

proper name. 



18 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Exercise XII. 

31. Read and write the following sentences: 



1 i , L ^JLjT 



J&, y. V. \ I -x .*=»__£ S_ V V/...4, :.. 

..\..y^..iC. _...Z LI—.*. L,-/.-^^.y / ...5,. j^ii, 

.,... Y ^: , — ^ ^ <^/e, 1 1 cZiA... 

/ \= ^ P ^ i) £ 1 y± ^ .( l 

....^. J y ....A k- i i ^Jhi_zryja. ( w..^ 

...y^=. 1.1... ( ^.....^..... L. Z...lX/.9....^...:..^ 

_v^ L..( .(..........).. v r ( c.^.lhiQ, ( Vs_4.U. 

.: £....^,i.L, ,..:. l. It./: {U^.^.l',± 

.^.....v.4i.....\'...:,.l 7 /..i.i, , 0...: 1 .....ZZ....X Oi 

..C,^. (3 zi: ( ( £l_ .„ L r_../ 



Note. — For the phrases such as on-the, should-know-the, of-the, a-day. 
a-month, take-the, for-the, buy-the, I-will, and-ship, should-know, an- 
enerny, and-if, in the above plate see the principle on pages 23, 24 and 25. 
This exercise is given here to fix the word-signs in the mind, and should 
be written several times. Accuracy is first, but try to write this 219 
words in four minutes, and read it back. 

1. Keep your eye on-the door for a time. 2. They who have come 
to obey the law should-know-the eye of-Fhe ^'udge wills 5 look fcalmly 
and fairly on all who come to him. 3. If I should delay for a-day or 
two, I may delay for a-month-50 or two. 4. Of-the two who will come 
which of them ought to take-the large room? 5. How may they know 
how much room 175 should give him for-the shop? 6. It waskiyour wish 
I should buy-the large book which they had here, and I-will" do sol 00 
and-ship it Tuesday. 7. If they have ever had much to do for them, 
they should-know if they will pay. 8. They know him toi2 5 be an- 
enemy, so why should they allow him to take-the advantage of them? 
9. If I am to be here for them, they should! 50 S ay if they will be 
here on time. 10. They have already bought a buggy of Leo Kelly 
of Genoa, and I have an idea theyi75 will ship it to him at any time, 
but they may buy two and-ship them both on Tuesday. 11. He was 
here on time and^oo he will be back here for them, and-if they are 
ready they may go together for your Mamma. (219 words) 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 19 

32. Write the following sentences: 

1. They think they are ready for him if he will go. 2. Your coach 
may come up for him if it will be here at four. 2 5 3. if they wish 
many they may have them at any time. 4. They think it will make 
no delay if they engage Bob for us both->o Monday. 5. He will show 
them here for us Monday in time for him to-be home early. 6. If 
they ever have had any large advantage" -> they will each have much 
which they may use. 7. If they ever give him any hope he may take 
advantage of them, however your lodge willioo know how it will be. 
8. If they will locate here, they may use my coach, for it will be 
ready at any time. 9. If theyi-5 will come up for it, they may have 
my opaque shade. (-136 words) 

Note. — The above are counted off in sections of 25 words each. 

For 50 words a minute read 25 words in 30 seconds. 

For 60 words a minute read 25 words in 25 seconds. 

For 75 words a minute read 25 words in 20 seconds. 

For 100 words a minute read 25 words in 15 seconds. 

For 125 words a minute read 25 words in 12 seconds. 

For 150 words a minute read 25 words in 10 seconds. ' 



LESSON V. 

Circles and Loops. 

33. On account of the frequent use of s and z, and the con- 
venience in writing a circle instead of the stroke, the small circle 
is used for s or z at the beginning or end of a stroke, and it is 
used between strokes. When the circles is at the beginning of a 
stroke, it is read before everything else, and when it is at the end, 
it is read after everything else. Thus : 



a k % i= /i: u c (?- 

soap pace space task risks dishes sales slew soon snows 



.<?-> <LJ? 



Note. — Observe that between straight strokes forming an angle, the 
circle is joined on the outside of the angle, as in task, risks, and that 
the vowel following the first stroke comes before the final circle. 

34. The circle is usually written in the opposite direction from 
the movement of the hands of a clock, but te following are a few 
exceptions : 

Z. kn W s_^ ri z 

Rays-Hay, Efs-Lay-Tee, Efs-Em, Ens-Em, Ems-Ith, Iss-Hay (sh) 

Note. — Observe that the hook on Hay may be closed forming a 
circle representing both the hook and the circle. 

35. Between straight strokes in the same direction, the circles 
is joined by a movement contrary to the hands of a clock. Be- 
tween curves, it is joined on the inside of the first curve, with the 



20 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

exceptions given above. Between a straight stroke and a curve, 
it is written inside of the curve. Thus : 



Kays- Chays- Rays- Hays- Ens- Ems- Efs- Lays- Rays- Kays- 
Kay, Chay, Ray, Ray, en, em, Ef, Lay, Lay, Lay. 

Exercise XIII. 

Read and write the following: 



1. Slush, speech, sneer, seems, sing, sage, suit, stew, sick, sky, slow. 

2. Dismay, design, upset, passeth, puzzle, bosom, dusk, desire, de- 
ceive, opposite. 

3. Lisp, rustle, castle, vessel, custom, meals, cask, leagues, fears, 
themes. 

4. Slew, sour, skow, skew, lesson, boys, cities, shawls, fishes, files, 
small. 

5. Muscle, nasal, rasp, visit, asks, nice, rice, sorrow, Soho, inno- 
cence. 

6. Facility, mason, dismal, alarms, dishes, tushes, slashes, socials, 
citizens. 

36. Use the stroke for s or z when it is necessary to vocalize 
the .s or z sound. Thus : 

i:r! in ^ a a l ^ -^ 

. z i_ .K. 13 ^ S) L, ki; 5 k 

1. Gauze, gauzy, mass, massy, lazy, fussy, noisy, also. 

2. Ask, assume, chaos, bias, rosy, science, Ezra, decease, disease. 

37. A large circle doubles the s-sound, for ses, sez, zes, zez, 
and is joined the same as the circles. It may be vocalized when 
necessary, by writing the vowel inside, but the short sound of e 
is understood if no vowel is written inside, except that it is usually 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 21 

safe to depend on the context. Another ^ may be joined after the 
large circle. Thus : 

L fe £* V L?.- _^ -j£ i. ^ 



exer- exer- pos- 
face, faces, system, passes, causes, cise, cises, sesses, saucers 

38. A small loop is st and is called the steh-loop. A large loop 
is str and is called the sier-loop. Like the circle, these loops at 
the beginning are read before everything else, and at the end they 
are read after everything else pertaining to the stroke to which 
they are joined. They are seldom used between strokes. An- 
other s may be joined after the loop. Thus: 

*\ 1 _.*** ,-^s X V ^ ^ S^.. 

pos- 
steep, stout, gazed, post, posts, poster, ters, master, testify. 

Exercise XIV. 

39. Read and write the following: 

1 f t7._. :C. C ^ Z. ^ toZ it ^ 

.2 l l ~y ,...<£.. ?l -r* c ,:.zs z \z 

3 ^5 t A. t^4 ^ 1^. -, ^1 J^ 

4 ^X_Zl^ U ^ 4_j& Q & % <** 

a 3©:%, .._^f 1^. "k ^J £l *3 ^ 

Write the following words and insert the vowels: 

1. Study, stick, steel, stool, store, story, sting, steamer, stony, 
stinger. 

2. Feast, vest, waste, hoist, paused, ghost, least, arrest, rest, purest. 

3. Posters, toasters, roasters, investor, adjuster, monsters, ances- 
tors, castor, stockade, dismissed. 

4. Exposed, rarest, destiny, dentistry, testify, justify, voices, 
thesis, leases, supposes, success. 

5. Emphasizes, enthuses, exercised, dispossess, induces, announces, 
theorizes, synopsis, systems. 

40. Circles may be used to add the words (( as, has, is, his, us" 
to other words. To pronouns it adds the word self, and the large 
circle adds the word selves to pronouns. Thus : 

L I L * s ./.. S? ). ^ *=» ^ k- 

it is, it has, for us, to us, as to, of us, if his, so as, myself, himself, 
ourselves, themselves. 



22 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



41. The circles is added to word-signs to form the plural of 
nouns, and to form the third-person singular of verbs in the pres- 
ent tense. Thus : 



L C. 



t 



-V V- 

thing, things come, comes, think, thinks, times, kingdoms, hopes, parties. 



42. Word-Signs and Phrases: 



subject 

subjected 

several 

its, it is 

itself 

things 

these 
this 
those, thus 

influence 

influences 

influenced 

United States 

next 

yours truly 

possible-ity 
possibilities 
business 

satisfy-ed-tory 

mistake 

office 

offices 

suggest 

purpose 

times 

become 

becomes 

because, kingdoms 

comes 

is to be 

largest 
longest 
unhappiness 



* h ^ 

J. t ^ 
L t 

V_9 <<-J} -^J> 



v^p 



\> V\o 



f 



3. 



L 



lo 



z 



\ 



is, his 
as, has 


o 


...o <?.... . 


is as 
as is-his 
as has 


O 


.. . p o 


has his-as 

myself 

himself 

herself 
ours, ourself 
ourselves 


. o 


S~* ... 


yourself 

yourselves 

this is (themselves) 


c 


6" <o 


thinks 

thanks, thousands 

he 


...L. 


c ' 


he is 
he has 
whose 

who is-has 
these are 
at his 


....< 


2. &.... 

t 


as soon as 
as many as 
as well as 


.sj? 


^ i 1 


as soon as possible 
of these 
on this 


<^ 


must be 
last month 
next time 


^v^^t; 



43. A stroke may be added to a word-sign to form another 
word. Thus : 



J, 



22 



■■-/■ 



\ 



V s - 



Common, commonly, uncommon, large, largely, enlarge. 
Usual-ly, unusual-ly, come, become, happy, happily. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 23 

Ticks. 

44. A slanting tick at the end of a word is the. It may be 
used at the beginning in a few words. Thus : 

1 ■> W X K ^ t i 

f* _>> Y.„ .<£ (. 

..! „..„. .* 1 fa. * 



^ t 



1. If the, for the, in the, have the, which the, at the, had the. 

2. Of the, to the, all the, or the, but the, on the, should the, will 
the. 

3. The first, the way, the day, is the, has the, as the, it is the, this 
is the, as to. 

45. A horizontal or vertical tick, at the beginning or end of a 
word, is a, an, or and. Thus : 



X....S. 



2 "• 



\ - \ - - 

L ^ \ 



1. If a, for a-n, in a-n, and for a-n, and in a-n, and know a-n. 

2. Of a-n, to a-n, or a-n, but a-n, on a-n, should a-n, and have a-n. 

3. Is a-n, has a-n, as a-n, and h-is, and h-as, and a-n. 

46. Proximity. — "Of the" and "of" may be omitted between 
words, but expressed by writing the preceding and following 
word near to each other. Thus : 



*^t £Su* ^ i esc. 

G.% 



f 



^ 



A\_i. J.k» ^.1- 2U. 



close of the day, rest of the boxes, the first of the month, last of the 
bales, names of the vessels, time of the day, day of the week, top of the 
page, yours of the 12th, several of the books, shape of the face, hour 
of the day, which of the checks. 

47. Familiar words may be written out of position, under the 
line of writing to express the word "to" preceding the word so 



24 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

written, as to pay, to do, to make. The phrase "to be" is written 
through the line. Thus : 

X * * S - I HC — 

be, to be, is to be, to pay, to do, to move, to make. 

48. Two word-signs may be joined to form a phrase. Thus: 

- ' X. ^ k.: ^ I ^\ 



as \ t I 1 



1 

1. It was, he was, of those, in which, it may, for they, of which, 
will be. 

2. At the time, have much, will be, is to be, all your, on this, give 
them. 

Exercise XV. 

Read and write the following sentences: 

_ 1, ^ v ) n Lo c. <cS/..Lv r. x & L 






A/.Z3L. l....vj/ L. — .... L ... i. >.:. ...^ * £/ 3, 



I o / \o Pa o y . \ _ Vp I ... o_LO r~^ 

v/ 4 . ...^ ' s i° /s :j -r 'S &/s,. ., i^ ^ 



.,:.:.(.... ;_V/C L_ w.Zn.l— J-. <^7. L: J.,| 

,:..v..^= 1 \:..L.JL..i ,/&, oj^...ir,..^.v\}. . i i 



* ■ 

( A_ 



JLLr il^: su Z 1 3. ^ ..L.^ 



1. Our pastor was in Texas last summer and thinks he will go to 
Ohio this summer. 2. It is necessary for him to go if 25 his views 
are the same as yours. 3. I already owe as much on this house as I 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 25 

should pay in six months' time, however my"' success may be. 4. 
An hour or two a-day is-as much as I shall study on-these lessons. 5. 
As to the height of those? 5 houses I should-say yours is much the 
higher of the two. 6. Happily his influence is uncommonly small and 
I think the boys will takeioo no notice of any of-his stories. 7. It- 
was the first time he-has had to speak cn-this subject for several 
days. 8. As-hisi2 5 coach will cost him but five dollars a day it-is his 
desire to go Sunday if -his son comes, and they will come by for-iso lls 
on Tuesday. 9. They say they will enlarge the business as soon as 
Howard Smith comes to take charge, if things keep on as theyi^o have. 

(176 words) 



49. Either stroke of the sign for / may be used at the begin- 
ning of a word for /. Advanced writers also express / by a ver- 
tical or horizontal tick, as in the last three examples following : 



' i ■ t -> "t 



lam, I will, I do, I had, I think, I wish, I shall, if I said, so I am, I. 



50. How. — Hozl ; is expressed by a slanting tick written up- 
ward or downward below the line. Advanced writers use a sin- 
gle slanting tick below the line for how. The words highly, new, 
now, are contractions and may be regarded as i^'ord-sigus. Thus : 



how will, how many, how soon, how long, how, highly, new, now. 



51. H-Tick. — The short tick for h is written downward when 
standing alone, but when joined to other strokes it may be written 
upward or downward, and may be used for he at the beginning 
or end of a phrase. Thus : 

-» ^ ^ t 1 t *-" 



■^ V 



k 



1. He, he is or he has, he will, he may, he thinks, he had, he had 
his, he is now, he has a or he is a. 

2. For he, for he is-has, but he-the, or he-the, is he-the, as he-the, 
but he is-has, as he is, if he. 



26 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Business Letters. 

1 



£^ 



L 



C-^ 



J...A...ZI L.s....cilzt^.....:._., A_ 



L, -r 



IX 



■_ r _^_^_ 



2).. 



/■■ 



g 



- V 



y™ 



r 



t 1 



-z 



lC 



F 



J 



L>Z <u^:../l 

*=> ZZizi:...^ 



Z\ 



-z < 



x^ 



iz -^ t v> 

^ 'J1C ) Z1Z , 

*L L, k 



.S<3 L..( L. 



J_ ^..U..L.....( zl L.... > ./..(.,.^.k 



t 



^ 



Z. 



'^N 






L_*_Li_Zri 



-J ^ v ^/ : ^ 






....*£T5*. 

-7 



\ 



' Z?... AJLJLi &^ 



— - Z 

: c ^l,a_±s 



zV 



\ 



z 



ZLZX 



-s/f 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 27 



Messrs. Myers & Johnson, 

Omaha, Neb. 
Sirs: 

Those silks which I spoke of to you came to this office today, and I 
shall be ready to show them to my customers 5 on Tuesday. He comes 
himself to see them because he has to pass my office on his way to 
the depot. He is a large-50 buyer. The silk itself is all right. The 
designs are nice, and I hope to do a big business on our new shades 
of silk. 7 5 

It was useless to show him the styles I had in stock at the time he 
was here. Yours truly, (95 words) 



2. 

Messrs. Mason & Lynch, 

Peoria, 111. 
Sirs: 

Yours of May 5th advises us to ship six dozen boxes as soon as 
possible. It is our purpose to do so, as well^s as to ship as many as 
possible of those for the first of the month, some of which are ready 
now. 

Our stock of boxes-™ is low, so I am slow to say just how soon I 
shall ship the rest of the boxes I am to ship to you. 7 5 i wrote them 
today to say how many they should ship us and to know how long it 
may take them to have them ready loo for us. They must have poor 
facilities, for they have had a long time on this small share of our 
business given them. Yours truly,i25 (125 words) 



Mr. H. M. Jackson, 

Denison, Tex. 
Sir: 

The names of the vessels which sail Tuesday are the Star and the 
Chester. The steamer Star sails west on the first and is25 most likely 
to reach Rochester by the next Sunday. She stops at almost all the 
coast cities on the route. 

Influenced by this advice I 50 suggest passage by this vessel. Use 
all your influence to have Stoner invoice the last of the bales. The 
rest of the business will be75 discussed and disposed of as soon as the 
invoice comes to the office. 

I am in hopes Stoner may give us no annoyance, in which* oo case 
the whole thing will be a success. Yours truly, (110 words) 



28 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

LESSON VI. 
Brief W and Y. 

52. As shown in Lesson II, paragraph 9, there are different 
ways of expressing zv and y. For convenience, and therefore for 
greater speed in writing, the brief Way called weh and wuh, and 
the brief Yay called yeh and yuh are used. Thus : 

j t ?- C U. />. ,. 

Way weh wuh Yay yeh yuh 

Note. — Observe that weh opens to the right and wuh opens to the 
left; also that yeh opens upward and yuh opens downward. 

53. Way and Yay-Strokes. — Use the stroke for Way or Yay 
when it is necessary to vocalize the w or y sound in a word. 
Thus : 

3c s :* i^ .. i S-. 'V:. y, 

...2u Y_ ?u^, ^r ..£: c. = ^ = e ■ 

1. Weigh, weighs, waste, wasps, sweep, swim, swallow, sway. 

2. Awake, awoke, Wyoming, Wesley, yeast, yew, ewer, yeas. 

54. Brief Way. — At the beginning of a word and when con- 
venient between strokes, brief Way is joined as a hook to Lay, 
EI, Ray, Em or En. It is joined with an angle to all other 
strokes. Thus : 

...X-C..LL:. V/ '~ ° ± sZ C £. 

'ji±i ^ 2t_ 1. : I 1 1 ± I 



4 



.ft. 



i* ^ L. ^ ^ L > 

..^ V I ^ 3 ^ ,\ ± ^ 



1. Wall, Wilson, war, we may, wine, we know, wire, wool, worst. 

2. Week, woke, awoke, wave, wedge, wit, weighed, walk, witch. 

3. Acquire, quire, queer, quarry, queen, quince, qualm, unwell. 

4. Edwin, wigwam, twine, square, unweighed, Sedgwick, Ipswich. 

5. Webster, winnow, watch, wax, wash, waif, weeps, weak, winces. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 29 

55. The circles may be written inside of the brief Way. 
Thus : 



I \J \ V I \ 



J 

Switch, Swedish, sweet, suave, sweat, suavity, Swede. 

56. Brief Yay. — When a word begins with y followed by a 
consonant (except final s or z), it is joined to the stroke with an 
angle, and may be opened upward or downward whichever is 
more convenient. Thus : 

... z: -I r... tl &. 2* ws_fer.. i\ A ~^ 

yell, Yates, Yale, yawn, yellow, yore, Yankee, yelp, yarrow, you may. 



57. Positions and Directions. — When used as vowels or 
with vowels. The following table shows the position of brief Way 
and Yay to the stroke when combined with the vowels. They 
are written in the vowel places. The sign weh is open to the 
right, and is used with the dot vowels and includes the vowel with 
its sound. The sign wuh is open to the left, and is used with the 
dash vowels. The sign yeh is open upward and is used with the 
dot vowels. The sign yuh is open downward and is used with the 
dash vowels. Notice they are made heavy or light according as 
the vowel is long or short. 





Dot Vowels. 








Dash Vowels. 






we 


wa 


wah 


Wl 


we 


wa 


wau 


wo 


woo 


wo 


wii 


wu 


:\ 


-1 


,1 


1 


<l 


,1 


1 


H 


J 


'1 


A 


!.. 


i 


-I 






H 


,.l 


1 

yau 


A 

yo 


J 

yoo 


yo 


A 


J 


ye 


ya 


yah 


yi 


ye 


ya 


yu 



58. Combined with Vowels. — Brief Way and Yay may be 
used between strokes to express the w or y sound combined with 
the vowel, when the brief sign cannot be joined to properly ex- 
press the sound. In such cases, the sign is written in place of the 
vowel, thus combining the w and y sound with the vowel indi- 
cated by the position to the stroke. The vowel so indicated fol- 
lows the w or y sound. The signs weh and yeh are used with the 



30 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



dot vowels, and the signs wuh and yuh are used with the dash 
vowels. 



x Jr. Ec ^r _z: L. L. 

* 1= tL n 31 11 ,_zl. 

3 ,!jl t /il v^, !rZ" ?z 


u_ 


1 

c 


.* ^ ..^1 J*± n. ^ v^ <~^ 


/ - t 


^ - 


.5 sZ rt/ v» k^? Se ^ 


■u 


, 



1. Dwell, twill, quail, quell, twig, tweak, thwack, dissuade. 

2. Squawk, squall, squad, quod, quoth, quill, quick, dissuasive. 

3. Untwist, twist, request, bequest, inquest, squaw, quench, quack. 

4. Young, unite, unity, lawyer, folio, bilious, inferior, odious, opiate. 

5. Superior, inferior, furious, various, serious, envious, odium, stu- 



dious. 



59. The w and I (the diphthong 7 or oi) may be combined by 
widening the sign for I and oi to a right angle. It is allowable to 
join the brief y to the stroke at the end. Thus : 



^_o. 



_JSL 



nephew ammonia argue 



ague twice wide dwight buoy 



60. Word-Signs, Phrases and Contractions: 

Note.— The word-sign for you and the word-signs for we, would, 
with and were, may be joined to other words in phrasing, as in to you 
and it would be, in the following list. 



we. with 

were 

what 

would 

yon 

beyond 

yet 

when 

one 

while 

well 

where 

we are, with our 

aware 

we have 



<T 



C...J... 



-s ■*- 



we will 
we may 
with hiin (my) 

we know 
you may 
you are 

you will 
will you 
by you 

advise 
for you 
to you 

it would be 
above you 
have you 



r 



.^..Z, 

r^.... 






UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



31 



61. Contractions: 



anything 

something 

nothing 

familiar-ity 

never 
November 

knowledge 

acknowledge 

disadvantage 

object 

objected 

objector 

regnlar-ity 
irregular-ity 

peculiar-ity 

refer-ed-ence 
refers-ences 

with reference (to) 

whenever 
wherever 
anyhow 




2J. ~7 } 



\ V\ 



^ 



.A....ZL..^. 



\^A^ 



anxious ^"^l ^^^^ 

similar ^ '-■ 

any way 

change-d / f , 

exchange-d —■*■ *• / 

charge-d / 

chargeable / > — ^v \ 

unhapmness • •/ V -ya~ 

postage C ^— 9 ' 

respect y\ ** \ (y\ 

with respect (to) ...^...\ S*....\. 

yours respectfully 

represent /\ /\ /X 

represented .Z....\...X.....\iy. >G. 

represents ' 

nevertheless v ~-k" T — ' L 

notwithstanding ^ ' f 

whatsoever V^ 

whensoever ^ — f /^_^~v^ 

wheresoever N-.v: >-™... 

whencesoever 



62. Enlarged Way and Yay Signs : 

The brief Way may be enlarged to add a brief Way-word-sign, 
written in the usual direction. When it is turned in a slanting 
direction it adds you. The brief Yay may also be enlarged and 
written in the usual direction to add a brief Way-word-sign. 
Thus : 



we were 
with what 
what would 

with you 
were you 
what you 

would you 
you were 
you would 

we were tho 
with what he 
what would be 

we would 
we would be 
we would do 



O 



...C\. 



O 



:1 =L 



where were you 
what you say 
would you be 

you would be 
what you know 
you were the 

you would see 
you would know 
we would suggest 

were with the 
were with us 
what would his 

where were the 
if you would 
if we were 



^ 1 



r 

<? £ 



j^^.. cv.. 

cx^ X- 



32 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Business Letters. 

4 



:z ¥. «zn-Z— cv-i/JLJk 



4^/J w. 



r 



i i 



^f 



i 



.£... 



i " 



J 



17 



o 



yn 



j 



X 



i^ N : C 



^ 



.n 



Ziv __ _..G - \li : 



> rv y^r -/& 

±1 H^ 3..A L....1, L 



^ 



ULiJrli 

..^~s. \...^^L... 

L..1...^.ZL.L .«=*_, .„. k, ( i 



J_^CA_ 



^....^....^....^.j....zk...^..l^:.xx.v/^... 



U.a_3 ^...z:l 

.^ oZ. 



.2! ^£4i ^L^t/p^S-J^ku^z. 

i— -^Uiiiz^P ^/h— ^ ^ 

^....n..^. % _ 7 /_L...^....^-f' z.i l..A|..^:..i.u..l 

Li^ L iUH U c:.f V| Lkll^.k... 



...j....: a i c 



\ 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 33 



C..2K.:/'.\.. > [.! ^HJ." ^ X .|-L. 

.). i \^i,Al^.. r ■ ' - > i 



=V^- ' ' : I ^= • % r/- 

<-^ : ■ 

4. 
Mr. Stanley Marks, 

Chicago, 111. 
Sir: 

We have yours of the 18th, and in answer we would say you may 
ship the buggy to us. We shall have the axles2 5 by the first of the 
week, however should they fail to come in time, we will use a similar 
make which we think will suit^o you as well as those you wish, and 
we will exchange with you whenever you say. 

How do you wish us to make up the^s top of the seat? We ask 
you to write with reference to this and anything else you may wish, 
so we may make no mistake,* oo and give you what you desire. It is 
our purpose to give you a satisfactory job and have no delay what- 
soever. 

We bope to satisfyi25 you, and shall allow nothing to escape our 
notice. Yours truly, (135 words) 

5. 
Mr. J. K. Thomas, 

Salem, Mass. 
Sir: 

Yours of the 25th came several days ago, in which you ask how 
the boys are satisfied and how we feel with reference to^s them now. 



34 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

We were suspicious of the boys for several days when they first came 
to us, and they caused us much anxiety and unhappinessso for a time, 
but we have no cause to exercise ourselves in any way now, for they 
are all right. They have to do something'!' 5 to amuse themselves, but 
they do nothing which any one should take seriously. We have come 
to know them and the peculiar boyish ways whichioo all boys have. 
They now do things with regularity and dispatch and have a satis- 
factory knowledge of the business so far. 

We know you are* 2 5 anxious and we are sorry now we wrote you, 
nevertheless it may all be for the best. Yours truly, (144 words) 



6. 
Mr. Moses L. Johnson, 

Syracuse, N. Y. 
Sir: 

We have to acknowledge receipt of yours of the 24th, in which you 
ask us to give you some insight into the lease which2 5 those parties 
here have. We were at some disadvantage, but have looked into the 
affair ourselves. We have no knowledge of the influences which 
theyso say were objected to by them at the time, but we know they 
have receipts for each month, so they were satisfied to pay on? 5 it, 
and we think this is all it is necessary for us to say on the subject at 
this time. Yours truly, (97 words) 



7. 
Messrs. Williams and Lacey, 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Sirs: 

We have yours of November 16th together with your references 
which seem to be satisfactory. We will ship some of the book-cases 
tomorrow, and2 5 while you may look for some irregularity we will, 
notwithstanding this, ship all you may wish by the last of the month. 
With what we so have for you now and with what you know you 
will have, we think it would be safe for you to push your sales all? 5 
you wish. We are in hopes this will be satisfactory to you and we 
think we shall have a large business together yet this year.100 

Yours truly, (102 words) 



Mr. J. H. Wilson, 

Chicago, 111. 
Sir: 

We have yours of the 18th, in which you say you must hear how 
much we have for you to ship each month, and25 should hear early 
this week. 

As it looks at this time, we think we shall do some business both 
here and at Topeka, but weso shall have to go to Topeka Wednesday 
when we will write you as to what we are to ship you this month. 

Up to the75 time we came here, we were usually on the go, and we 
had several things in view, so it was our idea to write youioo n 
Wednesday while at Topeka, and give you all the data you wish as to 
when and how much to ship each week. 

Yours truly,i25 (125 words) 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 35 

LESSON VII. 

Prefixes and Affixes. 

63. Con, Com, Accom. — A light dot at the beginning of a 
word is con, com or cog, and a heavy dot is accom. Thus : 

X-. X* J 1 L, Jk: 

L, ^ L :\; *=* r. 1 

1. Company, accompany, commit, committee, conscience, compile. 

2. Condemn, consign, confess, compose, consume, console, concede. 

64. Ing, Ings, Ingly. — A light dot at the end of a word is 
in g. A heavy dot is ings. A heavy tick is ingly. Thus : 

_ I | _: s^> r\_ t „ ^^,, 

doing, doings, knowing, knowingly, lovingly, coming, making. 

Note. — The dot for ing or ings should not be used in words like 
ring, rings, kings, as ing is not an affix in such words. The ing-stroke 
is mostly used where the joining is convenient. 

65. Ing-a, Ing-the. — A light vertical or horizontal tick at 
the end of a word is ing-a, ing-an, ing-and. A light slanting tick 
at the end of a word is ing-the. Thus : 

a U L, 1 4 X -' -'■ 

.3 \. rz :.... L. J x i- 



1. Taking a, taking the, doing a, doing the, paying the, giving an, 
giving the. 

2. Showing the, keeping the, making an, making the, giving us, 
paying us. 

3. Paying you, giving you, having his, doing his, paying his, ask- 
ing you. 

Note. — The sign for you may be written in place of the tick for 
ing-you, and the circles is written in place of the tick for ing-his or 
ing-us. 



36 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

66. Mp, Mb. — The stroke-Bm is written heavy for mp or mb 
representing the double consonant sound Bmp or Bmb. Thus : 

* - ..*-> trsy... Xrtk y^k A^rv .. 

* 3l X n .^z. Jr. 2 



2 



3L....<c^. sa£L 



.<?CX 



1. Imp, emboss, imbue, umpire, pump, jump, romp, impost. 

2. Imposter, ambitious, shampoo, embody, impair, impel, impeach. 

3. Sample, simple, empire, stamp, steamboat, imbibe, empress, 
emperor. 

67. Aspirate-H. — There are four ways of expressing h: (1) 
by a light dot placed beside the dash or diphthong vowel, and be- 
fore the dot vowels; (2) by a tick called the h-tick; (3) by writ- 
ing the brief Way-hook heavy; (4) by using the Hay-stroke. 
Thus: 

i :i z: ::i ::\ £* i ,...z: ^ ,C. *c 

£ :c. iksr. *£ ^ <£ <£T ^. <l r 2i 

1. Hot, hole, head, heap, horse, hedge, hog, hem, wheel, while. 

2. Whale, whirl, house, hoist, Ohio, hasten, Omaha, hobby, Yahoo. 

Note. — In word's where the dot or the shade would be used, ad- 
vanced writers seldom if ever indicate h. It can be omitted with 
safety in all such cases. 

68. Hw. — In spelling words like wheat, whim, whey it is ob- 
served that the sound of h really comes before the w in pronounc- 
ing the word. The word whack is pronounced hwack. There- 
fore, the h-tick is written first in such words. Thus : 



..i 3 ^ !kz 3= ,3 2c 3 

z ± !2 ;1 1 \ X, ^ 

1. Whey, whack, awhile, whisk, whist, whistle, wheeze. 

2. Whine, whim, wheat, whet, whip, whang, whiner. 

69. Ar, Ray. — In practice, the vowels are usually omitted. 
It is unnecessary to indicate the vowels except in unusual and in- 
frequent words. When an outline begins with Ar we know the 
word begins with a vowel, and when an outline begins with Ray 
we know the word begins with r. There are a few exceptions on 
account of convenience in joining, but where the word is familiar, 
even then it is not necessary to indicate the vowel. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



37 



Use Ar when a vowel begins the word and when the last sound 
in the word is r, except when Ray is more convenient. Thus : 

'•^ Vj,..i, *5 ^ M* \ 

1£ US. k... :~2. Y sJ.^.., 

1. Ark, ear, arm, desire, dare, door, pair, far, fur, pacer. 

2. Keiser, geyser, officer, vizor, thayer, mar, these are, Messrs., 
answer. 

70. Use Ray when a word begins with r, and when a word 
ends with a vowel sound preceded by r, except when Ar is more 
convenient, as in Rome, resume. Thus : 



i z z. 

a kZ IL 

j3 Z 



\zf-..^\ Z^ Z ZS ZZ.. 

SjL MS. & L*L 

/$- \j£_JL ,A zk< _Z^ A 



X^ 2t* A. 



.J... 



1. Race, rare, rarer, terror, reap, reason, rest, rosy, rug. 

2. Fury, tarry, marry, curry, carry, fiery, burrow, cherry, vary. 

3. Horror, rarify, furor, roar, rash, refused, wrung, wrath. 

4. Rome, resume, earth, earnest, arch, arsenic, erroneous. 

71. El, Lay. — The general rule for the use of El and Lay is 
the convenience in joining. Use Lay when it is the only conso- 
nant stroke in the word, when the word begins with I, when it 
follows an initial vowel unless it is followed by k, g, m, n, or sn, 
in which cases El is used. Also use Lay when a word ends with 
a vowel, unless El is more convenient. Thus : 



/£ a r c. 




1. Ale, lay, allow, sale, slay, like, lime, lame, leap, lazy. 

2. Lily, mellow, always, also, alarm, rally, pillow, folly. 

3. (Exceptions) Nellie, kingly, file, lesson, listen, lion, link, kneel. 

4. Alum, elm, alike, log, nail, Williams, elk, fowl, vowel, scowl. 



38 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



72. Ish, Shay. — When sh is the only consonant stroke in a 
word use Ish. Use Shay preceding and following Lay, and after 
Tee and Dee, but in almost all other cases use Ish. Thus : 



.1 J,: J: 

& 42 L... 



J... 
z 

XL 



J 12 






< 

1L 



< & 

-3 ± 



LJ. 212 



1. Show, ashes, wash, sash, cash, ship, sheath, push. 

2. Rash, fishy, shiny, shady, shabby, Irish, shame, abash. 

3. Shawl, lash, dash, tush, tissue, polish, social, slash. 

4. Shallow, demolish, fish, harsh, slush, dish, whitish. 






J* u Iz. 



73. Word-Signs: 

hence vo ~^ </ machine 

commonest " , — * *<■ machinery 

work manufacturer 

commence r) Massachusetts 

commenced — > — * >—«.... :?»£■:.... New Y ork 

commences New j ersey 

expect-ed \ \ 9 February 

expects-us v * V • Marcn 

special-ly-ity N May 

may be ^.^ ""^ j u i y 

important-ce .*^rs» ^^s.... December 

improve-d-ment it ma y be 

simple-y-icity ' * it is impossible 

somebody t 77 ^ which may be 

impossible-ility he may be 

suspect-ed \ /\ A anyhow 

respect-ed-ful-ing -• v x \ anywhere 

respectable-ility \ i would be 




UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



39 



„.^^....J~ ! U^....k~3>i^S. Ss^ 

TkJcAj*^ 



Business Letters. 
9 



Z.\l.^: / H C ^ 






^*. L L> m r 






\ 



czz_.,.-r.....L/^ pxA. 

L-f ! ^...zL_..^...„v S y..LC 



Zli 



/I 



z. 



•\ 



.ID.. 



Hi c/n 



^c< 



¥ 






iltll. r .j .al r:.L 

*4_ ^ " ' /r 



_V_:^. ^.. "S^ r'- ^ er._Xa..„o .:. .s~£ L .k? 

z^=v^2 C.-.^..../r_4..»....^ v^^-L 

.... n .A.. / /.L.^.:...r2. l. a ....L......ziL.v ' 

A. ^i UZ 



a„...^....w, 67 



..C-^v- 



11 



.^.A... 



a 4 ^ 



S">- 



^1^3- Z- _ ^....._,...^....'..i/.i4 :... 

....^.3. ^s^z^m l. A ....^.... v £..^..j) i ,..lZ.i. 

L L./..!1.V/A^ 

... V7 L,....^.....k....^f i I. .t.k.11 .) k„, vf ....L...v..z: 

^^ CV^J ^W/4- 



40 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

:.ia 



z. 



t.J. LI- L 



9. 
Messrs. Jamison & Jamison, 

Topeka, Kans. 
Sirs: 

We have to acknowledge receipt of the stock which you were to 
ship, and, notwithstanding the delay, we have nevertheless had time 
to becomes 5 familiar with the peculiar designs and styles represented 
to us, and which was the object of our buying just at this time of the 
season. 50 

Your regular stock was always satisfactory and whenever we have 
anything whatsoever which the consumer thinks unsatisfactory, we 
simply refer him to you. We do? 5 this in special cases and it is popu- 
lar, because they know we will make it right in case of any irregu- 
larity. 

We dislike to makeioo many changes, but whenever you have any- 
thing of special advantage, ship us samples. 

Yours truly, (115 words) 

10. 

Messrs. Sims & Co., 

Cincinnati, Ohio. 
Sirs: 

We have yours of the 15th in which you ask us to represent you in 
this city. If we were possessed of the necessary2 5 knowledge of your 
business, it would be impossible for us to dc so, as you would have 
so much details we would have to adjusts o our affairs so as to give 
the service you wish, hence it would be unwise for us to take the time. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 41 

We will, however, suggests 5 somebody if you think the business 
will justify you in paying the necessary salary for some one who has 
the knowledge you expect. It isi°o possible we may assist you for 
two months, in which time you may select seme one yourselves. We 
would have no desire to take thei—j temporary agency. 

Yours truly, (129 words) 



11. 

Messrs. Watson & Sons, 

Omaha, Neb. 
Sirs: 

We have yours of December 18th with respect to our dealings to- 
gether. It is our purpose to make a change in some way. We2 5 are 
now shipping books to the largest and the smallest book stores of the 
United States, and we are in many cases making exchanges with^o 
them. 

If we would decide on some way whereby our exchanges in your 
state should be disposed of by you, and yours disposed of by 75 us 
here, it would save each of us several dollars each year and avoid 
much of the re-shipping which is necessary, as we are nowioo doing. 
At first we were disposed to think this would be a disadvantage, but 
since we have looked into it we think this is a* 2 5 mistake; so if you 
would be satisfied for us to work in this way with you, we will abolish 
our idea and work in harmonyiso with you. 

Yours truly, (154 words) 



12. 

Messrs. Holmes & Wilson, 

Akron, Ohio. 
Sirs: 

We have yours of February 14th, and we would say it is important 
for somebody to represent us, if they take up the subjects 5 f installing 
the machinery. We expected they would be ready last week and we 
know they expect us to make some respectable showing. Theyso m ay 
be ready to commence when Sampson commences his work. 

If Jamison has nothing special to do now in New York, we think 
it would be safe^s to allow him to go, because of his having charge 
of similar work in New Jersey. This is simplicity in comparison with 
what he hadioo in New Jersey. It may be this will just suit him, any- 
how, it is impossible for any one of us to go at this time. 

Writei2 5 us what you do as we shall be anxious to know. 

Yours truly, (138 words) 



42 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

LESSON VIII. 

Initial Hooks. 

74. L-Hook. — A small hook joined at the beginning- and on 
the circle side of the following strokes, is /. The sound of / fol- 
lows the sound of the stroke in spelling the word. Thus : 
pi bl tl dl chl jl kl gl 

1 \ [ f r. r ^ _ 



Name: Pel Bel Tel Del Chel Jel Kel Gel 

fl vl thl dh] shl zhl yl 

V k C C J J. C 

Name: Fel Vel Thel Dbel Shel Zhel Yel 

Note. — Always write Shel and Zhel upward They are distinguished 
by the hook being at the bottom and by their being very slanting. 

75. Large L-Hook. — The l-hook at the beginning of Bin, 
Bn, Ray, is made large so as not to conflict with the small w-hook 
on these strokes. Thus : 

ml nl rl wm wn wr 

o. cl^ <y ^ : <^ y 

Name: Mel Nel Rel Wem Wen Wer 

76. R-Hook. — The strokes with the l-hook are turned over 
sidewise, to indicate r at the beginning of the following strokes, 
except in the case of Shel and Zhel, which are turned over end- 
wise. Thus : 

pr br tr dr chr jr kr gr 



Name: 



\ \ 


1 


1 ... / / «= ^ 


Per Ber 


Ter 


Der Cher Jer Ker Ger 


fr 


vr 


thr dhr shr zhr 


^ 


J\_ 


1 1 J J. 



Name: Fer Ver Ther Dher Sher Zher 

77. Comparison: 

pi bl tl dl chl jl kl gl fl vl thl dhl shl zhl 

X \ [ C .ZlZl..^.,..^ 5L.-JL C_C J. J 

....X X...1 \.....Z...Z....^^. a i 3 I^JL-Jj. 

pr br tr dr chr jr kr gr fr vr thr dhr shr zhr 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Notb — The is never used on the Y - \ : ; : e . ; : e and 

nave their hooks : at the top., and are always written down- 
ward. They are therefore readily distinguished from >*7>e7 and Z'-.i'.. 
which hare their hooks U) at the bottom, and are written upward and 
more slanting. 

78. Mer, Ner. — The small r-hook is written at the beginning 
of Em and En, but these strokes are shaded when this hook is 
used, sc as not to conflict with the small w-hook on Em and E :. 
Thus : 



mr ; nr, win, wn, Mr. Homer, humor, honor. inner, we 
mer, ner,. wem, wen.. may. know, 

79. Vocalization. — Regardless of the hook, the vowel signs 
are placed in the usual places beside the stroke, and if the vowel 
sign is placed before the stroke, it is read before both the hook 
and the stroke. If the vowel sign is placed after the stroke, the 
vowel is read after both the hook and the stroke. Thus : 

.A j^_ __!_. \- -\ JL f. _3 JL_ 

play, pray, apple, blow, able, awful, offer, eater, tree. 

Exercise XVI. 

80. To Be Read and Written: 



1. App'y. please, comply, pleases, reply, idle. 



j 



• -_■ 



Prow, brow, heater, tray, odor, drv. c-rv. acre offer, frav. 



3. Closed, enclose, cluster, fly, flier, hovel, evil, only, playful, blame. 



44 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

4. Christ, precise, comprise, compressed, crisis, frost, paper, trapper. 

5. Title, chattel, shackle, shovel, final, family, rural, noble, model. 

6. Treasure, trainer, grocer, Friday, frame, thrive, throng, shrink. 

7. Namely, initial, lovely, rashly, deathly, bushels, barrels, quickly. 

8. Christmas, kicker, catcher, grammar, cutter, caper, frugal, trotter. 

81. Special Vocalization. — When a vowel is to be read be- 
tween the hook and the stroke, this fact may be indicated by writ- 
ing a small circle in the place of dot vowels, and by striking the 
dash vowel through the stroke. Thus : 



1. Dark, park, term, germ, barge, paralyze., barber, balsam. 

2. Bulge, tarnish, coal, core, course, burst, follow, fool, charm. 

3. Quality, figure, guile, feature, procure, calico, college, courage. 

4. Mortgage, forego, fulfil, foolish, verbal, qualify, shelf, sheriff. 

5. Shallop, marvelous, cargo, jolly, carp, journal, pulpy, fall. 

Note. — Observe in the above exercise, that the angle and semi-circle 
representing the vowels in the first and third-place may be placed at 
the beginning or end of the outlines for convenience, as in fall fol- 
low, procure, figure, quality and guile. In all except unusual and un- 
frequent words, the vowels are omitted in the actual practice of 
writing. 

82. Prefix Iss. — The circles is written inside of the hook, in 
which case it is read before everything else following. Thus : 



1. Cycle, school, supply, civil, saddle, settle, extreme, safely. 

2. Disclose, express, massacre, sinner, sooner, soother, sickle. 

3. Visible, peaceful, physical, peaceable, classical, gospel, traceable. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



45 



83. Circles and Loops Before R. — The circle or loop writ- 
ten in place of the r-hook on straight strokes includes the hook, 
and is read before everything else. Thus : 

r. 



1 \ . 


r 


\ \ _ 


2 _ZX... 


°7 


^C E=2L 


9 V 

.* 3 


c 

G 


; E= 5 

: ^ : 



JL. 
V 



I... 



4 



1. Spray, straw, supper, sober, cider, seeker, sicker, stroke. 

2. Scrape, scratch, scrawl, scream, strong, stream, strip, stretcher. 

3. Prosper, destroy, Strieker, besieger, passover, mystery, pastry. 

4. Sister, disaster, stupor, stouter, stagger, stager, stopper. 



84. When Kcr or Gcr follow Pee, Bee, Tee, Chay and Jay 
with circles between, join as follows : 



v^ ^ K 



t- 4 ^v~ 

Prescribe, subscribe describe, disagree, Jasper, proscribe. 
However, it is perfectly safe to omit the r in the following 
words : 

^\ *"\ H ^v ^\ 

prescribe, subscribe, describe, subscriber, proscribe. 



85. In-Hook. — The prefixes in, en, tin may be indicated by a 
backward curl or hook, as follows : 



...1 ^S.. 

...& ■_*==*. 

.,3 C 



<£L ZX , *I>s 

il r. ,£. ^ 

...^„„ ; n, '. l. 



L^ ^£L 

*, C_ 



a=£L 



1. Insoluble, enslave, unsalable, inscribe, unstrung, in his house. 

2. Insecure, inspire, insole, unsociable, inseperable, unsuppressed, 
unsettle. 

3. Unsaddle, unseemly, unceremonial, insecurity, unstring, insom- 
nia. 



46 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

86. Ler and Rel Hooks. — The l-hook may be enlarged to 
add r, and the r-hopk may be enlarged to add /. The first is called 
the ler-hook, and the second is called the r el-hook. In such cases 
the added / or r is read last. Thus : 

Pier Bier Tier DlerChler JlerKler Gler Fler Vler Thler Shier 

jl_x: c c z* zl_c- c__jl £. c a 

1 !\ .1 1 2. I *= c= D f} IJjLcssJ. 

Prel Brel Trel Drel Chrelj Jrel Krel Grel Frel Vrel Threl Shrel Merl Nerl 

1 \ ^ i - *— =te ^ £ 

a % - 1 £2t ...1 .2 ^ =2 2*L 

S il- J*. ^Z *Z_ .<*. c_. !Z fi. 

-* °^- ^3; — ^= ^ -O '.X 

1. Poplar, gobbler, tattler, scholar, secular, smuggler, shoveler, 
stifler. 

2. April, trial, liberal, thrall, shrill, pastoral, equitorial, parallel. 

3. Colorado, color, collar, clear, glare, clerk, clergy, floor. 

4. Sprinkler, funeral, inaugural, patrol, mineral, moralist, hy- 
draulic. 

87. All or Will and Are or Our. — The l-hook may be used 
on word-signs to add the word all or will, as in by all and it will. 
It may also be used on the horizontal tick for and, as in and all 
or and will. 

The r-hook may be used on word-signs in the same way to add 
are or our, as in by our or they are. The large rel-hook in a few 
cases may be used to add will or all are, as in there will or they 
are all, and the ler-hook to add all are or all our, as in for all are 
or for all our. Thus : 

\ < P 

i„ 2 fL_ - _..,- _ L __js _ /?. 

2 „...,,._ _i c y _..>, _ ^ 1 * 



a c -._ *, 5 _ - 2 SL 

.4 ,._ !*?. 3a - 

1. By all, at all, of all, and all, and will, for all, to all, who all. 

2. Who will, it will, they will, they are, by our, at our, of our, to 
our. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



47 



3. And our, and are, who are, there will, they are all, for all are 
(our). 

4. (Self or Selves added.) To ourselves, to ours, by ourself, by our- 
selves. 



88. Word-Signs and Phrases: 



by all 

able 

tell, till, it will 

by our 

member, remember 

number 

until, at all 
which will 
which are 

call, equal-ly 
difficult-s- 
care 

full-y 
value 
they will 

from 
over 
very, every 

truth 
at our 
dear 

during 

through 

Mr. mere remark-ed 

either 

their, there-they are 

other 

more 
near, nor 
manner 



1 i c... 

:>. * v 

•f ^ L 



^ *. < 



..i 



!1 
\ 1 



1 



2 i 



) 



..<?v 



deliver-ed 

principle-al 

numbers 

express 
surprise 
suppress 

expressed 
surprised 
ravor 

your favor 

larger 

consider-able-y 

unnecessarily 
in reply 
very truly 

thereto 
thereon 
thereof 

but all 
but are 
on all 

should all 
who all 
who will be 

who are the 
and will be 
and are the 

of all his 
to all the 
on all his 



J =- v 

-V.A, v 

^ * =v 

J, f .1 

a X t 



./?.. 



' <s. 

*\ ~ 

* 



89. Contractions, Derivatives and Compound Words: 

(a) As in paragraph 43, a stroke may be added to a word- 
sign to form another word — a derivative, (b) Two word-signs 
may be combined to form a compound word, writing the first word 
in its position, (c) The contractions are simply convenient out- 
lines for long words in which part is omitted. 



(a) careless 
remarkably 
merely 

valuable 

pleasureable-y 

fullness 

fuller 
nearly 
nearer 

nearest 
nearness 

(b) overcome 



"i 



C^ .^Y 

%-0 (^J » 



moreover 

everything 

anything 

become 

outnumber 

everywhere 

herewith 
(c) capable 
capability 

influential 

probable-y-ility 

transgress 



**S 



TsJ.. 



-J 



\ 



\ 



a=t 



48 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Business Letters. 

_ .is : 



Al-Z^^C^. ^-m_2 LlLi^ 

a .!^,...l.l...^ : _.^.y !ilL^Ci^LJj^LadLll. 

il.Z Lr^.. ] Ay^..^.... 7 l^z., / . i....AA^...h c . 

3 X^^ZjCjlIi. 



c-. r -^ 1 

..L..r...^k..A : 3 Z..AA £jc2LZl**3J± A 






1 



£ : 



/TW 



>..^\.^.... .. / ...^...l....l./. 



A 



.c l. 



L. 



--S- 



«=— c a No 



1 



-/ ^4 



% 



14 



l.± 



^JlJjL** N£L C.../.'k. ^L*^s± Cfu L<_ u. 



.^Z.._A 



^ * ^-^^.v^^A-^..^ 



££^ 



L..1...^.J. 



/LJ....A....A. 

3 .,..L:-i..v., 



A~i ,/ 



^ 



3. 



\ 



* \ 



**£,_ 



rt 



...AC. 



\ 



' .3 



.1^-..^:....' l.Za.v.a..^ l 



^....: :..r...^.....l../A.„....^...L.r..... Ni ^. 
\..1A V .AAA. _.i^...c:./^™. 



T 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 49 

13. 

Mr. Charles M. Battle, 

Peoria, 111. 
Dear Sir: 

We have your favor of April 20th, in which you state the car was 
delivered only last Wednesday, and in reply we would- -5 say we are 
very much surprised at the unseemly delay and, with pleasure, give 
you thirty days extra time on it, which will, we think,50 help you out 
considerably. You will notice how we figure the charges on the bill, 
and should figures disagree with what you have'5 to pay, you may con- 
sider it when you mail us your check. 

We commenced this week to compile a list of what we consider un- 
salable, andioo will try to enclose you a copy of it to-morrow, if possi- 
ble. We will continue to do this, as there may be much of thisi25 
stock which you may be able to dispose of there, and which will be 
very slow sale here. 

We must give this a trial, andiso by making liberal prices, clear 
up our stock. There will probably be nearly as much unsalable there 
as here, which we may sell for you. 1 75 We must have a fuller stock, 
as we trust the business may be larger for all of us during the coming 
season. Very truly, (199 words) 



14. 

Mr. Geo. E. Glass, 

Belleville, 111. 
Dear Sir: 

In answer to your favor of the 12th, it is difficult for us to realize 
the change which has come over every one^ here, since your brother 
took charge. A number who remember you have expressed surprise 
and pleasure when they speak of his capability, and compare hisso 
manner with yours while you were here. It is surely remarkable how 
they seem to feel their nearness to him, and yet in all things" o they 
consider him so earnest, and he is so influential, there is no difficulty 
at all in his accomplishing what he may desire to do.ioo 

Of course I know how you feel, and I am very much pleased to be 
able to write you in this manner. I have no"^-") desire to unnecessarily 
overdraw in what I would represent to you; on the contrary, I would 
freely express myself otherwise, if what I say were 150 anything but 
the truth. 

I assure you I thank you for all your past favors to all my people 
there, and I hope to hear fromi^o you whenever you may feel disposed 
to write me. Very respectfully, (186 words) 



50 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

LESSON IX. 
Final Hooks. 

90. F or V-Hook. — A small hook on the circle side, at the 
end of straight strokes only, is / or v. It is called the f-hook so 
that the names of the strokes and hook are Pef, Bef, Def, and so 
on. The vowel to the stroke is read before the hook. Thus : 

Pef Bef Tef Def Chef Jef Kef Gef Ref Hef Stref Skef 

*, i t L: ,/; £ .^ ^ A 1 1 ^ ' ... 

pave, beef , stove, duff, chief, jove,cave, gave, rove, heave, strive, skiff. 

91. N-Hook. — A small hook at the end of straight strokes, 
on the side opposite the f-hook shown above, is n. This n-hook 
is joined on the inside of curve strokes at the end. Thus : 

Pen Ben Ten Den Chen Jen Ken Gen Fen Ven Men Shen 

S S I J: J Z -^ ™ L k, ^ jl ... 

pain, bin, tin, den, chain, June, can, gain, fine, vain, main, ocean. 

92. The small hook inside of the enlarged Way and Yay is v 
for have or of. In some cases the hook at the end of curves is 
made longer than usual to express / or v, and this makes phrases 
containing have, like they have, they have no, very convenient. 
Thus : 

L t- G a * 

They have, they have no. we were of , wou f^ ave; ^^ 

Note.- — ^The above are optional and are used by advanced writers. 
They are valuable for the phrases that have become as familiar as a 
word-sign or as the figures 1, 2, 3, and 4. 

93. The f-hook or the n-hook may be used between strokes, 
when more convenient than the stroke. Always use the stroke 
for f, v, or n at the end, when it is necessary to vocalize it. Thus : 

W. ^ .^ !^= L- 2f 2U I*£— 

Finish, furnish, prefer, provoke, deafen, punish, penny, terrify. 

94. The circle for s or z may be written inside of the f-hook, 
and inside of the n-hook on curve strokes only. Thus : 

V ^ '1 ^ S» ^ — GL 

proofs, caves, strives, heaves, fines, shines, means, loans. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 51 

95. Circles and Loops Added to N-Hook. — On straight 
strokes only, the circle or loop is added to the n-hook by writing 
the circle or loop in the place of the n-Jwok, in which case it is 
read after the n-hook. Thus : 

.1 1 J: J, I I =, 1 A' X 

z h> -\ =* =, =f -^ i 

1. Tense, tenses, dance, dances, danced, Kansas, spinster, punster, 
punsters. 

2. Opens, opens the, against, against the, Kansas City, preference, 
condenced. 

96. The ns and the n-scs are not so expressed between two 
straight strokes in the same direction, nor between two straight 
strokes which join at an angle, else they would conflict with such 
words as the following, but they may be used between a straight 
stroke and a curve : 

j= :\.. |; 'jj. ^i : .*£, 

task, prosper, destroy, disaster, excrescence, Johnson. 

Use the n-stroke instead of the n-hook at the end of such 
words as the following : 

,.!.-. >->-Jl v^jl. L^> ,'k^p _ Aw* ftazL 

1. Announce, immense, finances, offenses, convinced, allowance. 

2. Enhance, annoyance, conveyance, denounce, renounce, assurance. 

Exercise XVII. 
To be read and written: 



1 


JL % 


t 

Q 3 

1 


t 


V 


/" 


\ 


f 


?, 


I 


<* 


v 




«d 


3 


^ \ 


°S 


\ *-■ 


z 


i A 


K, 


/' 


4 


L "... 

'1 ^ 


t: 


J: 


,F 


\ 


i 


e>" 


5 


1 


P 


^ 




r* 


6 


A V. 


/ .... 


/ !.. 


L 


i 


r=3 





1. Fine, bluff, stove, flown, prove, hewn, brain, thief. 

2. Proves, strives, scoffs, drives, fines, behaves, grave, serve. 



52 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

3. Wagon, plan, sprain, plain, clean, arrive, rove, belief, chief. 

4. Town, cleave, drove, attain, stain, weapon, sudden, sworn. 

5. Heather, concern, women, assign, loan, earn, glean, grief. 

6. Pen, penny, chaff, chaffy, den, deny, stoves, groves, caves. 



97. Observe the use of the hook between strokes, and how Iss, 
SeS; St eh and Ster are added to the n-hook on straight strokes 
in the following : 

„,.i 1 J: 1, i =o„ zid „ _c/. ,c/.. 

a-JL /.. *> ==* - <—o .e=g .\ \,_ 



1. Tense, tenses, dance, dances, cans, Kansas, chance, chances. 

2. Danced, chanced, rinsed, canst, glances, glanced, prance, pranced. 

3. Punster, punsters, plans, weaken, weakens, woven, shine. 

4. Provoke, proffer, perverse, profit, proven, divine, province. 

5. Reverence, traffic, defence, arrival, rival, river, clever, behavior. 

6. Ransom, Johnson, gainsay, gainer, finish, furnish, punish. 

7. Openness, French, thinness, finery, remain, machine, vacancy. 

8. Condensed, condense, preference, convenience, economy, instance. 



98. If, Of, or Have Added. — By the use of the f-hook on 
the word-signs and the and-tick, the words if, of or have may be 
added. Thus : 



.1 1 

z Z. 



..v.... 

/ 



!*~s.. 



1. I have, to have, all of, and have, who have, should have, but 
have. 

2. Which have, each of, out of, it will have, but if, but if no, but 
if it. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



53 



99. In, Not, Own, or Than Added. — By the use of the n- 
hook on the word-signs and the and-tick, the words in, not, own, 
or than mav be added. Thus : 



■^ 



1 



"^ 



<y 



JTH- 



_<0- 



^i 



1. But not, or not, but not the, our own, of our own, and our own, 
at our own. 

2. Herein, we are in, more than, sooner than, we are in receipt of. 



100. The brief Way may be joined to dash-vowel, word-signs 
and the and-tick, like an en-hook, to add what or would. This 
hook may be closed, making circle-s, to add s, as in to what is. 
Thus : 

_ .>» a. _ _ ..._._ _ -?. />. 

to what is, of what, to what, all would, and what, and would, he would. 



Word-Signs and Contractions. 



upon \ V \. 

been . ..>S 5k V.. 

before 

whatever i 

differ-ed-ent-ce .....ii I J.. 

advance L 

done / 

down .J 1 6 

whichever J 

general-ly / 

carefully ■— **- c 7-7 ? «■«■»... 

gave 

can _ 

begin - ••" •*•• 

again, begun , 

began V<> 

even ■—■-—■ 

have been / 

v> ( 

within Vi / 

then VT 

than 

whoever ^ $j \V ... 

they have oi 

they have been 



I have 
I have no 
I have been 

I have your 
opinion 
none, known 

herein 
our own 
alone, learn 

truthful-ly 
above 
at once 

often 

phonography 
standard phonography 

your favor of the 15th 
we have your 
should have been 

who have been 
you can 
I can 

there will be 
there is no 
closer than 



K, 


u_^ 


S 


\ 


^ 


...n^? 


^ 


=> 


c. 



1 V J' 

i L> L... 

«T^ 

..^ 1^-^L 



54 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Business Letters. 

15 .. 






^L^J D .lz,.l...) 

.v:/ c ..^...^..,.:\ 



:...._. ) Olzx. 

-A_! s~-Z L. 



Vi- 



^..X J. 



k. 



7 



-*-=Y 



_ ri.n...,.jLi.^.... 

_ £..'..C..I^ _ 

£2.....i.2i L.„..!r..r. v. 



•fcr 



._. !....„ i 



!_.: 



*\> 



^rfiij2rl^J_^_jy^ 



h: ' 



2../.L 



\ 



16 



c 



•a-t^A ^-" £ - 



-%- 



U/< ^ ^^-V 1.^ 2-,^..L A ... 

IX^...*....^! LCli:^ J ^..1. L1....l...«. 



c 



^ 



^t^ £.^\..^-.L.^....^. .1.2.1 



.vJ2^„. 



^ iz ^AzVJaJ 



^^ v A \ 

r ux, i..:."i^..rr..j l: 



3 



L2^/x< 



..^/.. 



«/ 



V^ 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 55 



15. 



Mr. Henry Winton, 

Lincoln, Neb. 
Dear Sir: 

We have your favor of the 13th and in reply we have the pleasure 
to enclose herein a price list of our new2 5 sewing machine which is 
far in advance of any make our people have ever had. The cheap ma- 
chine to which you refer is one whichso we decline to carry in stock, 
but we have different priced machines as well as different sizes, and 
we can truthfully say, you now have^o a chance to make a choice of 
whichever style and whatever price you may prefer. 

We offer nothing but the best class, and as ourioo local salesman 
is very often near your place, we shall ask him to call upon you and 
explain more fully what we claim for this* 25 machine. It is our 
opinion we can make the prices closer than they have, on any which 
have been shown you as yet. 

Yours truly,! 50 (150 words) 



16. 

Mr. Thomas Allen, 

Kansas City, Mo. 
Dear Sir: 

We are in receipt of your favor of the 15th as to the importance 
of your plan, with reference to the traffic. They,2 5 f course, have 
preferences and will probably suit their own convenience and pleasure 
in the manner they route the business. 

We suggest, however, you furnish50 them a condensed list of what 
the concern has done during the past year, and what we have been 
doing there for more than two years^s within our own territory, and in 
this way, arrive at a basis upon which you can give them a reasonable 
opinion as to why theyioo should favor us. 

If you would see the general manager personally, before this is 
done, you may be able to have him agree to deferi2 5 it until we can 
move what cars we have. You can say to him, we will do everything 
at our own expense in doing whateverioO j s necessary, and at once 
begin to move all the cars. 

Trusting to hear from you very soon as to what has been done, 
wei75 are Very truly, (178 words) 



56 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

LESSON X. 
The Shon and Tive Hooks. 

101. Shon-Hook. — A large hook at the end of a stroke is 
shon (for tion, sion, cian, etc.). This hook is written on the cir- 
cle side of straight strokes, and on the inside of curve strokes. 
Thus : 

sry ^p. Vy...„ .L> 5L -&^D. lS. 

motion, nation, passion, fashion, politician, conclusion, occasional. 

102. When Shon is the only consonant stroke or when it is 
preceded by s or vowels necessary to be indicated, use shen in- 
stead of the hook. Thus : 

2L -J: £. Lp. I. 



Ocean, session, secession, continuation, concession. 

103. Eshon-Hook. — When a circles precedes shon, the shon- 
sound is expressed by a small hook after the circle. Another small 
circle or a stroke may be added to this hook. This hook may be 
added to the f-hook } as in devotion. Thus : 

,...! £ X 1 L S, V- I .■ 

,....*» bu.t _...:Lw: A*J.< \*>: L^i Uj< c- VJ . 

1. Position, positions, possessions, decision, physicians, persuasion, 
transition. 

2. Devotion, division, profusion, profession, devotional, diffusion, 
aggravation. 

One or more letters may be omitted in a word for convenience 
and speed in writing, and the legibility is preserved, in such 
words as the following : 

__^r^v^ w~^_£?. #. ..^5> A....- <nO .}$ Sg-. _ 

1. Ministration, administration, taxation, specification, transaction, 
justification, prosecution, investigation. 

Note. — The above words are spelled ministr'tion, tasation, specsa- 
tion, transation, jusation, prosution, invesation, and are sufficiently 
plain. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 57 

104. Tiv-Hook. — A large hook on the n-Jwok side of straight 
strokes only is five. Thus : 

=* ., _! ^ t2 Z^ K - 3 

active, activity, receptive, secretive, captive, instructive, operative. 

105. After curves the tiv is expressed by Tef. 

...„...._._ n n 4 rti "i 

native, motive, positive, inquisitive, sensitive. 

Exercise XVIII. 
To oe read and written: 

....a U. 3. m L ki c^ L 



8 j . ^ ^ L ^ - ^ - Lz 

3 ^ \ h 



11 _=> ^_ X. 

Jj L£ 



y 



JB \&„ k v^2 ,__ Z —a 1^ Jl Li 

js— ii? -* - i -A - .•^.- — A^^. 

7 s ,.u _^Z ILl. JL»- - Li_ L^ _ 

.a b :r^:.„ i 1... k^ ri „ 

__.? ^ ^ ^ 1 :t <£H I 

1. Discussion, ambition, emotion, condition, confession, relation, 
tuition. 

2. Decision, division, precision, confusion, possessions, devotions, 
attention. 

3. Physicians, politicians, positive, native, active, combative, ac- 
tivity. 

4. Action, auctioneer, national, professional, devotional, vision, vis- 
ionary. 

5. Passions, fashions, notions, rations, actions, captives, natives, 
motives. 

6. Acquisitions, accusations, condensation, compensation, consecu- 
tive, effectiveness. 

7. Operatives, admissions, commission, extension, instructive, in- 
struction, dictionary. 

8. Contention, conversational, transaction, transition, transitional, 
conversation. 

9. Impatience, sensation, sensational, cessation, association, requi- 
sition, taxation. 



58 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Lengthening or Double Length. 

106. Ter, Der, Ther. — Any curve stroke except Bmp, Bmb 
may be lengthened to add the sound ter, der, or ther, which is read 
after the vowel following the stroke and before a final hook, circle 
or loop. Thus : 



letter, meter, tender, father, modern, water, order, niter, enter. 

107. Position. — Write the first half of a lengthened stroke in 
its proper position and let the second half follow naturally where 
it may. 

108. Ker, Ger. — The Ing-stroke may be lengthened to add 
ker or per. Thus : 



«& 



!_. ^ L^ L^_ 



anger, sinker, anchor, stronger, finger, thinker, tinker, 

Note. — Add the Dee-Stroke after such lengthened strokes as sur- 
rendered, rendered, slaughtered, for the d-sounO. forming the past tense 
or perfect participle. See following exercise. 

Exercise XIX. 

To be read and written: 



§ *c±a ...zm 

6 >_> .^d. 



JL.C1 (_ ZZD. q xZL L^ C=d. 

* (-. =-2 *-* ZZ :UZ ^l> 

1. Voter, waiter, mother, ladder, later, slaughter, northern, Easter. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 59 

2. Shorter, center, alter, alteration, eastern, material, embitter, 
miter. 

3. Order, older, tender, modern, moderation, sender, wonder, wilder. 

4. Farther, eccentric, slender, slander, sunder, surrender, winter. 

5. Surrendered, rendered, slaughtered, nattered, faltered, shelter, 
sheltered. 

6. Anchor, anchored, younger, mongrel, banker, handkerchief, tin- 
kering. 

7. Smoother, northerner, thither, smoother'n, some other, shoul- 
dered. 

8. Literature, theatrical, caricature, minister, step-ladder, drinker, 
lantern. 

9. Defaulter, quarters, saunter, alterations, head-quarters, cen- 
turion. 



109. There, Their, or They Are Added. — A curve stroke 
word-sign is lengthened to add there, their, they are, or other. A 
hook at the end of these phrases adds own or one. Thus : 



■ —- ^ ^ ^ 

J — ^ ^ 



3 ^ ^ ^ 

1. In their, for there, if there, for they are, if they are, when they 
are. 

2. Through their, in their own, from their, from their own, when 
there is, will there. 

3. Any other, no other, any other business, every other, every other 
one. 



110. Dher-Tick. — When there, their, or they are cannot be 
expressed by lengthening, a heavy slanting tick may be used. In 
a few cases this tick may be written in place of the ing-dot for 
ing-there. Thus : 

> * - V- X I 



been there, were there, would there, since since there is, b em & doing 

there, there, there. 



60 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

111. In many cases it will be found a great advantage to 
lengthen straight strokes to add there, their, they are, or other. 
The heavy strokes should taper toward the end. A circle, loop, 
or hook at the end is read last. Thus : 

1 V \ I ^ /• ^ - - - ::k 

* -4- ^ 4 '- '\ i = 



3 



1. Be there, up there, at their, each other, such other, with their, 
of their. 

2. Where there, where there is, right there, typewriter, had there, 
give their. 

3. Had there not, at their own, until there, it therefore, will be 
there. 

112. Word-Signs: 

- 1 — ^ -=* - ^ ^ *i 

..g ) i~r. :=! ^^. _^=»d 

JL 5u * \> ^ ZS>. Zi>. 



1. Entire, another, matter, rather, whether, further. 

2. Yesterday, longer, entirely, entirety, material, materiality. 

3. Subjection, subjective, objection, objective, representation, rep- 
resentative. 

113. Additional Phrases: 



1. Rather than, rather than the, rather their, longer than, longer 
than he (the). 

2. Longer than his, further than, do you know whether, if you 
would order, reside there. 

3. In our letter, another letter, another one, last letter, your let- 
ter, this letter. 

4. Your order, on the order, of the order this winter, order the, 
orders, have their. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Business Letters. 

17 



61 



L^n Cl^x ZL^Z± 



/A ^£ 



./SU£. a /..,/. c. 



C 



■t-i ^-^p*- - -A I ^.^.A ^_ 

^ > ^ JJ 1Z__^. I ^ L I \LLLj, 

-~^= ^ --V.!Z L- : Z^Ti ) L^ 

1 > c l ^ — ^ -^ i • /-L^_y=^ 



\-,... 



^ cm 






r 



j 



v m* 



i^j 



18 



\ 



-H-/ * ^ 

.a. W—^ .«) _... 



^. Lt^A_^ 1_ 



^ 



-) A 



i.-^ / 



..1SL_... 



Wh 



ISL 



.W- 



y- yvw/- — 

L ^T... 221! f :n..I 

k L^ „ a...: \^± 



c _.__ 



.^. 



.1.- 



-) ^--yw 



c/o^ 



i_u/___\_-_.4 La_±j: 



.c, 



62 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 




£2 n 



-X.^r. v^^L\ j L/x£\.^.i 



-7 



-=Y 



s^v^ 



...V....^ 



r 




.^. A../l....ylA 7 Z L - ^J^irZJLi _ 

-^ V^^ ^ L^ _4..w. __..! ^ L.. 



Messrs. Anderson & Kemper, 17. 

Macon, Ga. 
Dear Sirs: 

In your letter of the 15th you state you simply slaughtered the 
prices, in your quotation to us, and in your last letter, 2 5 you say such 
prices were never given anywhere. 

However this may be, in our letter of the 28th, we wrote you it was 
placed in^o open cars, thus being exposed to the weather, and the con- 
dition of it is such as to make it impossible for us to use it; 75 besides 
it is thin and narrow, and of unequal lengths, hence, the best we can 
do now is to order elsewhere, and say this carioo is subject to your 
order. 

Upon giving this matter further consideration, rather than have you 
go to additional trouble and expense, we will unload thei2 5 lumber at 
your expense and make whatever disposition of it you may require. 
We will do anything you wish, for your accommodation. 

Yours truly, (149 words) 

Messrs. McClain Bros. & Co., 18. 

Seattle, Wash. 
Dear Sirs: 

In reply to your favor of the 18th, we would say, if there is another 
car of cinders yet remaining on our order, 2 5 we wish you would ship 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 63 

it at once. We shall have to have several other cars as soon as pos- 
sible. We were to have 75-50 cars this month. 

Please take this matter up further and say how many cars you 
think you can furnish us within the next ten days.'j 

We hope to have the bills for the two cars which, we hear, were in 
yesterday. Yours truly, (93 words) 

19. 
Barrett Manufacturing Company, 

Peoria, 111. 
Dear Sirs: 

We are in receipt of your letter of the 15th, enclosing the expense 
bill for the roofing paper and tarvia. In another letter25 f yesterday, 
we are calling your attention to this material and in which we state 
the entire order is unsatisfactory. We have given it a^o thorough ex- 
amination to make sure of our position, and since there is none of it 
we can use, we have to refuse it entirely and""' allow it to remain on 
track here subject to your order. We are sorry to have to do this, but 
there is no other wayioo for us. 

Please give shipping instructions in your next letter, as in case it 
remains here much longer there will be charges, either for switching* —"i 
or demurrage, and perhaps for both. 

Yours truly, (133 words) 

Mr. Luther Henderson, 20. 

Jersey City, N. J. 
My Dear Sir: 

Your letter of the 26th soliciting our order for water-pipe, is be- 
fore me. We have given an order for pipe which is- 5 only one- 
half inch in diameter, and this unusually severe weather renders it 
impossible for us to use it, even for this temporary purpose. As^o 
soon as the temperature is higher, probably no later than the first of 
April, we shall have to have material for repairing our tenders at" 3 
Clay Center. 

When I have been there, and know more of what we are doing 
there, I shall make a list of what they require* oo up there, and give 
you an order for pipe, larger than what we have. I think I will be 
there the last days of next* 2 5 week. 

Later in the winter, while there is a slack time, we will make some 
alterations and change the diameter of the fire-boxes, and*50 then will 
use softer water. If there is any device for forcing the air entirely 
through, so as to make it impossible for the clinkers* "-i to smother the 
flame, you may ship us one, together with one dozen thermometers, 
and one-half dozen barometers. 

Very truly, (196 words) 



64 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



LESSON XI. 

The Halving Principle. 

114. T or D Added. — A stroke may be written 'half-length 
to express a following t or d. The t or d is read at the end. 
Thus : 

l_v.. V- ^ * - V - ^ - «- ^ - 

a_H S3/ ,.*^..._ YL ..30. Ssa %-. S jf 

1. Apt, pat, ebbed, bed, aft, feet, fed, clod, great, freight, ward. 

2. Kind, went, sent, warned, patient, fashioned, proved, pained, 
cautioned. 

115. A final circle or loop is read after the t or d added by 
shortening. Thus : 

* t r j. v * ± / '- i p- 

pets, bids, deeds, acts, notes, students, stated, cheats, plates, rafts. 

116. The stroke Ray is never written half-length when stand- 
ing alone, so that such words as write, wrote, road, ride must be 
written out in full. When a hook or stroke is joined to Ray, it 
may be written half-length. Thus : 

r a a a 



£ - r o£ y±L 



warrant, 
rained, rifts, arrived, yearned, round, write, raid, rate. 

117. Ted, Ded. — Both t and d cannot be added at the same 
time by shortening a stroke, hence these syllables, ted and ded, 
are joined at the end, or detached, whichever is more convenient ; 
the shortened t for ted and the shortened d for ded. Thus : 

* ^ ^ b \A r s fc * 

2 1 ]j 1 Ij „, Sd a pS| 

i ^> } =T > ^ ^ i 

1. Afford, afforded, dart, darted, deed, deeded, date, dated. 

2. Treat, treated, dread, dreaded, note, noted, freight, freighted. 

3. Appointed, painted, granted, planted, gifted, rented, bonded. 



2 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 65 

118. When t or d precedes a final vowel, or it is necessary to 
vocalize the t or d sound, the stroke must be used. Thus : 

a ==} -j n n .n- n- n-_- 

M-^ RL^ il ^ n n H _ 

1. Notice, unity, acute, unite, needy, into, window, motto. 

2. Borrowed, married, torrid, renewed, solid, poet, quiet, annoyed, 
tarried. 

119. L, Ar, M, N. — These strokes when shortened are writ- 
ten heavy for d and light for t. The l-stroke is written upward 
when light, but always written downward when made heavy to 
add d. Thus : 

V ~— £- * 3C =j - a ^.- ^..- 



note, need, late, laid, old, art, hard, mate, made. 

120. Way, Yay, Emp, Eng.— These strokes are never writ- 
ten half-length when standing alone, but they may be when 
joined to a hook or stroke. Thus : 



*^ r " O ^ 



impugned, em- 

yelled, yield, swooned, sanctioned, wind, wombed, misled, bezzled. 

Note. — Observe in the above that wem and wen cannot be shaded 
else they would conflict with merd, and Nerd, and that Lay in some 
cases is written half-length to express d for convenience in joining, as 
in misled, embezzled. 

121. In cases w T here it is not possible to write the shortened 
s-stroke downward, it may be written upward. Where it is not 
practical to shorten for t or d nor to lap the detached ted or ded, 
the stroke should be used. Thus : 

-xA ^ .y i=] / Jl /£H ! 



f 



protectionist, opinionist, visionist, cooked, judged, roared, locate, locked, 
effect. 

122. The t-stroke may be joined to the shon-hook in words 
like passionate, proportionate, but in words like affectionate, ex- 
tortionate, use the Ish-stroke and follow with a stroke shortened 
to express t or d. Thus : 

- n ^ -^ ^--^- 

passionate, proportionate, affection, affectionate, extortionate. 



66 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

123. Position. — A vertical or slanting stroke, when half- 
length, should be written one-half the height of Tee above the 
line for first-position, and on the line for second- position. Thus : 

_ .£* a* , ■)*. *: 



Tried, void, bottom, esteem, abundant, sent, estimate, vote. 

Note. — Bear in mind that the position in which an outline should 
be written is governed by the only or accented vowel. 

Exercise XX. 
Read and write the following: 

Jl \ X ~ e - * : 



z :_£ j JL 2 1 =, ^_H t 



3 v* -~ - v~ ■ - b~- * L 

f* r e sT ^ 

..4 s^ .**. sfei ,..$: ,. , - £, 3ZL 

3 J..... 1-. 1 3° *> dt :..C -Jt ~ I-L, 



A * - = « I + * : 1 S - 

7 ..^ _..^. \^ s^ ^ - ,- 

*L J : i i :.c _ili_ ,._ 



9 K....Z. .: r. £ :£_.* * * 1 f .... 

~±->- «; ■?-<— <, ^— I - 

ii _, 2± _ 3. -.-:.._ j*. 

J* V- * V : **■ - •* 

13 h. ^ 1 - -J.: t — - - 



J* Hk 3* fi e . -3 ^ t 

is _. S js a* a j_ 

A6 £.....- °S. ?f <s> % 



■JflL 

18 


I* 

v 

JSL. 

> 


UNIVERSAL GRAHAM ] 

±S X 

1 ~" C X ■ w 


MANUAL 67 


^ *• J ^ 


19 


^ J - s 


f. ...- =* 


20 


x * \ V L 


c — o 

L ^ ^ 


21 


T r 

J- ^ -> ^: 


.22. 


^ 
v 


$ .t ^ > ^ ^ > ^- 


23 


^ _ ^^ 


r~\ n j^_ 






"l 



1. Pet, boat, beat, bid, kite, quit, did, deed, aged, avoid. 

2. Shot, shoot, showed, eased, oft, act, ached, caught date, debt. 

3. Viewed, thawed, toyed, died, bad, build, quote, got, foot, highest, 
return. 

4. Went, sent, send, plate, delight, athlete, flight, built, want, flat, 
returned. 

5. Shirt, throat, threat, effort, fruit, court, greet, trait, fright, op- 
erate. 

6. Puffed, graft, gift, cleft, drift, raft, paint, point, tint, rent. 

7. Amount, mint, plant, patient, ancient, front, grant, split, street. 

8. Constant, contents, straight, consistent, silent, skirt, spent, 
wound. 

9. Wired, ward, warrant, wield, wilt, played, plant, build, child, 
stood. 

10. Followed, fled, glad, filled, addled, cloud, appeared, tried, trade. 

11. Honored, assured, third, offered, afraid, agreed, crowd, occurred. 

12. Approved, paved, proved, arrived, raved, contrived, derived, 
caved. 

13. Opened, pound, bond, combined, attend, attained, gained, find, 
kind. 

14. Found, offend, loaned, land, earned, around, trained, ground. 

15. Secured, spend, stand, second, concerned, strained, suspend. 

16. Stationed, sprained, cautioned, motioned, fashioned, conditioned. 

17. Deeds, acts, needs, ends, holds, loads, hurts, sends, slides. 

18. Plots, treats, fleets, streets, secrets, reads, rents, attends, prints. 

19. Complaints, warrants, students, cements, spends, lends, seconds, 
clouds. 

20. Compelled, complied, compared, behold, attempt, conduct, meth- 
od, moved. 

21. Condemned, ashamed, inward, moulding, initiate, anticipate, 
associate, repeat. 

22. Finest, thinnest, vainest, meanest, painted, rented, landed, bond- 
ed, repeated. 

23. Heated, midnight, named, sentiment, kicked, locked, liked, affect. 



68 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



124. Word-Signs: 



hoped 

put 

about 

doubt 
quite 
could 

God 
good 
if it 

after 

thought 

that 

without 

astonish-ed-inent 

establish-ed-nient 

is it 
h-as it 
used 

wished 
let 
let us 

world 
Lord- read 
heard 

word 

might 

iramediate-ly 

made 

somewhat 

not 

nature 
natural-ly 

under 

is not 
h-as not 
want 

till it 
until it 
told 

called 

equaled 

valued 



...v 



\ 



/ 


L. 


V ( 


c 


( > 


) 


1 ).... 


> 


r ^ 


:\... 


.s+\ 


\s 


ss. s_^.... 

0^ 





.^ 



particular-ly 

opportunity 

spirit 

profit 

remembered 

toward 

aceording-ly 

cared 

great 

throughout 
in order 
did not 

do not 

had not 
gentlemen 

gentleman 
kind, cannot 
account 

will not 
we will not 
are not 

we are not 
were not 
mind 

may not, am not 
we may not 
it will not 

which will not 

worldly 

worldliness 

lordly 

naturalist 

spiritual-ly 

greater 
kindly 
kindness 

greatest 

greatness 

unkind 

astonish-ed 
establish-ed 
gentlemanly 



^ IX .>„ 



X 



X_J 



9 


<i-^ 


J 


,1 


1 


</ 




J 




t </ 


~o 




r 


C 


...^ 


s 


</> 


/^a 


...<r3>..... 


er^> 


/ 




.) <^ 



125. Contractions: 



acknowledged 

afterward 

forward 

inconsistent 

indiscriminate-ion 

intelligence 

intelligent 

intelligible-y 

indispensable-y 

interested 

manuscript 

onward 




practicable-y 

understand 

understood 

interest 

disinterested 

inconsistently 

intelligently 

indiscriminately 

transcript 

transcribed 

transcription 

transcriptive 




UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



69 



126. Phrases: 

Depending upon the context, it is perfectly safe to omit words 
hich are easily supplied, as in the following : 



*-\ 



7 



\ 



\ 



* **£. »-=* 

4 * 



one (or) two, two (or) three, sooner (or) later, on (the) contrary, in 
order (to), according (to) that, in regard (to), in reply (to), (from) 
day (to) day, (from) hour (to) hour, (from; place (to) place, more 
(and) more, more (or) less, one (of the) most, day (of the) week, 
side (of the) road, over (and) oyer, hy (and) by, shall (have) been, 
in such (a) case. 



Business Letters. 
21 



°~l 



Z ^^-^A e&^4t=^ 



^ 



^1. L. 



*^=_£_f :..._^/ v (^ 



A Li 






"f 



No V> \rx... 



2.Z 




■ TX 



70 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



ZZ 




12Z. \^AxX,±A 



24 



^.£...^ii,A ^\ ^:i 




21. 
Mr. J. H. Harper, 

Kansas City, Mo. 
Dear Sir: 

Your letter of the 15th inst. is received. Our manager, Mr. Smith, 
is away and will not return for several days, but he25 left word that 
as soon as he comes home he will see you, and that such arrangements 
can then be made as have been mentioned. so We talked it all over 
before he went away, but I prefer to let the matter rest until his re- 
turn. 

Hoping this will be satisfactory^ 5 to you, we are 

Yours truly, (81 words) 



22 
Mr. M. L. Shotwell, 

Peoria, 111. 
Dear Sir: 

Your letter of the 8th inst. received and contents carefully noted. 
The coal operators of Kansas City have been talking of holding a2 5 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 71 

meeting with a view of taking some united action on the mining bill 
recently passed by the legislature. 

If the law is to be obeyed30 there will have to be some change in 
the price of coal, and the change should be general and at the same' 
time. Will you? 5 talk the matter over and attend a meeting in Kansas 
City, some time in June? 

Trusting to hear favorably from you very soon, I amioo 

Yours truly, (102 words) 



23. 
Davis Mercantile Co., 

Dover, N. H. 
Gentlemen: 

We have your letter of the 28th inst., and have carefully noted 
what you say. With this mail we send you a sample of 25 our cold 
water paste, asking that you give it a trial at your earliest convenience. 
We know it will suit you and that you will5<> use no other, after you 
have tried this. Please read the circular carefully and note the 
prices. Consider the advantages we have mentioned and 75 those that 
may occur to you. We are sure you will then order either a barrel 
or a box. 

In regard to other matters whichioo have been mentioned, we will 
take them into consideration when you have a chance to come here, 
and we can take it up personally withes you. 

Yours truly, - (128 words) 



24. 
Messrs. Williams & Johnson, 

Detroit, Mich. 
Gentlemen: 

In reply to your letter of yesterday, we are sending you full de- 
scription as requested. Enclosed you will find a descriptive circular 
of our25 n ew copper range boiler, guaranteed against collapse, and in- 
ferior to none on the market. Our representative will be there soon 
with a sample, if he^o has not already been there, and fully explain 
the construction. It is made very heavy and will sustain a high pres- 
sure. Should you feel interested^ and desire further information, we 
shall be glad to furnish it. 

We hope to have yourioo answer soon, and trust you will give the 
matterioo careful consideration. 

Yours truly, (104 words) 



72 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

LESSON XII. 

Contracted Prefixes. 

127. Con, Com, Cog, Accom. — A light dot at the beginning 
of a word is con, com, or cog, and a heavy dot is accom. Thus : 

i 1 ! i J; t X, L 

2 ~ - d± S _ ^ 



1. Comply, complete, cognate, contain, committee, accompany, ac- 
commodation. 

2. Congress, conquer, conscience, complain, completion, competi- 
tive, accomplishing. 



128. Contra, Contro, Counter, Circum. — A light tick at the 
beginning of a word is contra, contro, or counter, and a small cir- 
cle midway before the first stroke of a word is circum. Thus : 

L t r *. 
...1 ; _ \j£ \ 



Z 



'r\o 



L*!-_ : \ =k.. 



1. Countermand, contravene, contradict, controvert, counterfeit, 
counterpart. 

2. Countersign, controversy, circumference, circumscribe, circum- 
spect. • - 



129. Discon, Discom, Decom. — The stroke Dee written de- 
tached at the beginning of a word is discon, discom, or decom. 
Thus: 

...i k I.U i fee* k L, 

-.2 IX JU^ ILj 1^ 



1. Decompose, discontinue, discommode, discomfort, discontent, dis- 
contentment. 

2. Decomposition, discontinuance, discomfiture, discontentedly. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 73 

130. For, Fore. — The stroke Ef is the sign for for, and may 
be written detached or joined at the beginning of a word for fore 
or for. Thus : 



V- - < ^~ ^- - -£ 



1. Forefathers, foreclose, foreseen, foreknowledge, foresaw. 

2. Forward, forsooth, foretell, forewarned, forever, forenoon. 

131. Incon, Incom, Incog. — The stroke En may be written 
detached or joined, whichever is more convenient, at the begin- 
ning of a word for incon, incom, incog. It may also be used for 
incuni or cncnni. Thus : 



r± !3± n. 



,2 :1 _* _ s \, 1 

1. Inconstant, incomplete, incognito, inconvenient, incompetent. 

2. Incommode, incumbent, encumbered, encompassed, inconse- 
quence. 



132. Inter, Intro, Enter. — The En-stroke shortened for t may 
be written detached or joined at the beginning for inter, intro or 
enter. Thus : 



1 


n 


\ 


1 


7 


~\- 


1 


2 


1 


rx 


x, 


- 1 


...._- >A 




J5 


^r*) 


i\... 




-c 


A 


...rx 



1. Introduce, interfere, entertain, interchange, enterprise, interest. 

2. Intercourse, interpose, intervene, interject, interpret, intersect. 

3. Intermission, interrupt, interrogate, interline, interplea, inter- 
sperse. 

133. Magna, Magni, and Miscon, Miscom. — The Em stroke 
may be written above the first part of a word for Magna, or 



74 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Magni, and Bm-Iss may be written above, for Miscon or Miscom. 
Thus: 

•- 1 ^ 5h ^ ^— ik 



2 



2: k ^ 3. 



1. Magnify, magnificence, magnitude, magnanimous, magnetism, 

2. Magnesia, misconduct, misconstrue, misconception, magnifier. 

134. Noncom or Noncon is expressed by writing Nen over 
or through the beginning. Recom, Recon, or Recog is expressed 
by Ray at the beginning. Self is expressed by writing a small 
circle midway before the first stroke, and may be written in place 
of the con-dot for Self -con. Thus : 

,x k, 1 A X. z, 

jl_Z^1 Z^. A!.... Z^ Z^ d:... 

3. 1 Z\^ °\±f.. °Z1 A_ A^_ 

4 A :L It ± zti. 

1. Nonconductor, noncommittal, noncommission, noncontent, recom- 
mend. 

2. Recommendation, recognize, reconcile, recompense, recognition, 
recommit. 

3. Selfish, self-respect, self-denial, self-esteem, self-made, self-evi- 
dent. 

4. Self-improvement, self-conceit, self-control, self-important, self- 
centered. 

Note.- — The sign for self is very frequently joined to the remainder 
of the word to save lifting the pen. 

135. Uncon or Uncom may be expressed by writing En on 
the line before a word. Unrecom, Unrecon, or Unrecog may be 
expressed by writing Ner at the beginning. Thus : 



t 



.L_ „£a --A ^ "Xx 



„ , . uncom- unrecom- unrecog- unrecon- 

uncontrolled, unconscious, fortable> pense(L nize(L cilable . 

136. In any case where more than one of the foregoing pre- 
fixes come at the beginning of a word, they may be joined to ex- 
press both. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 75 

In phrasing, where con or coin is involved, these prefixes may 
be used, and also other words, by allowing the break between, to 
represent con or com. Thus : 

i- ^ ■ i ^ 3 ^ 4 ' 

2 La. 11^:. £i 1 

a - <A <J: b± J 

1. Unselfish, uncontradicted, uninterrupted, unforeseen, unaccom- 
plished. 

2. Disencumbered, in comparison, in condition, in consideration. 

3. Common consent, small compensation, we will accommodate, in 
recognizing, in reconsidering. 

137. Word-Signs: 

i h= 1 !l_ _^= ^A 

2 .%..., 



n 



1. Altogether, although, undertake, undergo, underrate. 

2. To-night, to-morrow, afternoon, forenoon, almost, almighty. 

It, Had, What, Would, Ought. — These words may be added 
to familiar words by shortening. The t or d expressed by short- 
ening, representing the added word. When ought is added, the 
phrase is written in first-position. When had or would is added, 
the phrase is written in third-position. The word not may be 
added by attaching the n-hook to some of these. Thus : 



it ought 



I / / which would (had) not (/* £ 

which"ought wh ! ch wi " ?ot , t had J 

there ought wnich ought to have " 

it would, it had which would have had / 

it would not 4 1 | which have ../.....£r. .'Y. 

it had not I u u thepe would (had) uot O U 

in what, in it v "" / it will not ^— , 

at it, at what I L. if it V-.. 

they had, they would have it 

they would (had) not . ■ c/ of it . 

had it (had) • \^ I if not •*- 2 -- 

which ought not have not 

^ °> ) 

from what ^ is it "\ \ 

from it ' as it * rf ~ 

over it as it is 

Note. — It would seem that some of the above phrases would con- 
flict, and they would, if standing alone; but the context, when they are 
used in sentences, makes them safe and legible. They are of value 
only when they can be used without hesitation, and written with con- 
fidence that they can be readily recognized in reading. 



76 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



Business Letters. 
25 



£. 



Z -^ 



2X 



^O. t^Ci ^ L_Y1^.. .^.: r Z.^ 




;..U £ 






"V 



.1 



26 




Mr. William H. Harris, 25 

Morgan, Tex. 
Dear Sir: 

In reply to your letter of Aug. 23d, in legard to insurance policy 
on your mill, we certainly think you can get a 25 policy, if you would 
move your gin a sufficient distance. As we have a Deed of Trust that 
calls for insurance, we must request youso to take out a policy at once, 
or give us additional security on something else. We cannot carry 
the risk ourselves, and must insist that's' 5 you give this matter imme- 
diate attention. 

In case you refuse to straighten this matter up at once, we shall 
have but one course left, andioo that is to begin foreclosure proceed- 
ings on your paper. We sold you the machinery very close, and in fact 
we have had so many interruptions downi2 5 there that we assure you 
we sold practically at a loss to us. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



77 



We do not like to take any action in this matter, but* so unless you 
give it immediate attention, we shall have to take this course to pro- 
tect our interests. Yours truly, (169 words) 

Messrs. Hopkins & Randolph, 26. 

St. Louis, Mo. 
Gentlemen: 

We have your esteemed favor of the 25th inst., in regard to claims 
in our hands for collection. We enclose herewith $25 in2 5 this in- 
stance, and beg to call your attention to the charges of the bank 
through which we have made the collection. 

We pay banks usual 5 o exchange, and as we deal exclusively with 
banks, our correspondents are all very well satisfied with these terms. 
We trust you will hereafter, since thereto j s a better understanding, 
allow us to handle your collections at similar rates. We established 
these offices to handle Western collections, and trust to have 100 con- 
siderable business with you from time to time. We will have an un- 
derstanding at the outset regarding the rate upon which our business 
is toi 2 ^ be transacted. 

Hoping to hear from you soon about the matter, we remain 

Yours truly, (140 words) 




78 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

27. 

Mr. Felix H. Prater, 

Moline, 111. 
Dear Sir: 

We are informed by Mr. Henderson, the miller, who recently vis- 
ited you, that you contemplate building a 40-barrel mill, and we 
writers to inquire if you are ready to place your order or make a con- 
tract for the machinery, provided we would make the prices and 
termsso to suit you. 

On receipt of this letter please give us the necessary information, 
and if you have not yet put up the building, the? 5 man we will send 
to see you may be able to render you some valuable assistance in 
planning it to the best advantage for the^oo machinery, and we will 
accommodate you in any other way. 

Under separate cover, we mail you one of our latest catalogs and 
testimonial letters ini-5 regard to the Plansifter. We are putting this 
wonderful machinery in all the mills we build, and a large number 
have thrown out their reels* so and put in the Plansifter. 

We trust to hear from you at an early date, stating when you would 
like to meet our salesman, and 1^5 we shall have him see you at the 
appointed time. Yours truly, (187 words) 



28. 

Messrs. W. G. Warner & Co., 

Washington, D. G. 
Gentlemen: 

Your letter of the 18th received and contents noted. There has 
been a great deal of excitement in the wheat market on the Boards 5 
of Trade, and it is predicted there will be a reaction in a short time. 
On the contrary, the situation is inconceivably strong in favorso f 
an unusual bull market. The present action of the market clearly in- 
dicates that there is less disposition to go short on the market, than^c 
for some time past. 

The July option shows the greatest profit, should the present out- 
look of crops continue. It all depends upon the growing crops. 

Wei oo hope to have your frequent favors in the future. 

Yours truly, (111 words) 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 79 

LESSON XIII. 

Contracted Suffixes. 

138. Ing, Ings, Ingly. — Whenever Ing or Ing-Iss do not 
join conveniently, a light dot may be written at the end for ing, a 
heavy dot for ings, and a heavy tick for ingly. Thus : 



__i __J_ r: „..2: ^ ^L,. 

doing, doings, meeting, meetings, knowingly, lovingly, dealings. 

139. Ing-the, Ing-a-an-and. — A light slanting tick detached 
at the end is ing-the, and a light vertical or horizontal tick at the 
end is ing-a-an-and. Thus : 

i -x h 1 1 IT' 

doing the, paying the, passing the, doing a, eating and, giving an. 

140. Ly, Ble, Bly. — The termination ly may be expressed by 
Lay joined or detached or by an l-hook; and ble or bly may be 
expressed by the b-stroke when Bel cannot be joined. 

...i S _ !i\..: { ^ ^ r\ 



* ^ =^- - «qt* «** ^ 

1. Profitably, sensible, attainable, manly, namely, sensibly. 

2. Accountable, insurmountable, dimly, womanly, homely, meanly. 

141. Bleness, Fulness, Someness as terminations, are ex- 
pressed by a small circle at the end. The large circle is lessness. 
Thus : 

i ^ =- <£L *^~ 3, 

ua__=c <A. 



~ ) 



1. Feebleness, carefulness, lonesomeness, serviceableness, mirthful- 
ness. 

2. Carelessness, worthlessness, uselessness, usefulness^ irksome- 
ness. 



80 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

142. For or Fore may be represented by (for) the word-sign 
stroke Bf, at the end of a word ; and the word-signs after, on, to, 
of, in, ever, may be written as affixes in the manner shown in the 
following : 



.^L. 



h~~ I X - I j 



1 1 ^ ^L. -}. :X. 

yf. ?- ilL...,,. z±\ Zrx. 



\ 



4 



> ^ -^ \y 



■^ V 

«4 k L i.... 



V 5 I 



1. Wherefore, therefore, therefor, hereafter, thereafter, thereon. 

2. Thereto, thereof, whenever, wherever, herein, hereinafter. 

3. Hereinbefore, whereto, hitherto, into, whereunto, whereinto. 

4. Hereon, whereon, hanger-on, hereof, unheard-of, forever. 

5. Herewith, therewith, wherewith, forthwith, whatever, which- 



ever. 



143. Lity, Rity as terminations, with the preceding vowel 
included, may be expressed by writing the last stroke before the 
termination, detached. In a few words, the terminal stroke sign 
may be joined. Thus : 



2 



-4* : -v : ^ *Vl V 

■^ ^A f~ X ^ 



1. Possibility, sensibility, disparity, formality, popularity. 

2. Prosperity, nobility, legality, principality, vulgarity. 



144. Tive, Tivity, Tively may be expressed by Tef, when 
the tiv-hook cannot be used ; also fill and fully may be expressed 
by the f-hook on straight strokes. Thus: 

^ -A v •, i — 



native, nativity, positively, hopeful, truthfully, carefully. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 81 

145. Ology, Alogy may be expressed by the j-stroke, joined 
or detached at the end. Thus : 

i V Z2 7 - )?- S- ' 

-. I h ¥L *z ^ I 

1. Physiology, chronology, phrenology, zoology, theology. 

2. Geology, genealogy, biology, psychology, mineralogy, astrology. 

Note. — Add Kel for cal or cally. 



146. Ship as a termination, may be expressed by Ish, joined 
or detached at the end of a word. Thus : 

i * c£. ...j 2l .&,. 

■* -^ h^ 



J^ ^ 2 td. 

^ i ^ ^ ^ V 



1. Hardship, workship, friendship, lordship, fellowship, ownership. 

2. Horsemanship, partnership, kinship, salesmanship, airship. 

3. Flagship, battleship, chairmanship, scholarship, statesmanship, 
penmanship. 



147. A consonant or modified consonant may be detached at 
the end, for terminations, such as ancy, ency, idity, etc. Thus : 

j SC:. k A£= 3s, it 

3 v^!.Z Lol L TL 



1. Validity, despondency, vagrancy, verbosity, Christianity. 

2. Ornamental, fundamental, instrumental, instrumentality. 



82 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

Exercise XXI. 
148. To Be Read and Written: 

ty f xS ^. r 



.3 .Zl _ 

Jk ==- : c 

.3. _ /rz~&. 

J&. S-P .^a> _£u -J? , -..*<&_. 



• ll =V 

...12 gj^ 

.23...) <o-*... 

.14 

LlfiL 

16 



<T 



o 



o 



.°SL,, 



^ ^ fe =*p- 



£ ^ t -V- ^ 3 X 

.9 ^ 1 J. !3L_ ^L Z. .1 

lo i* i IX t :x. 



A \ - ^ $ -^ 

£- L-= !i\ \f.. .^12 

^. L zv r 

; k =i ^ i 

i - i - i '' C 



1. Seeking, looking, making the, taking a, thanking you. 

2. Charmingly, amazingly, doings, offerings, doing the. 

3. Sinfulness, watchfulness, wearisomeness, feebleness, lawfulness. 

4. Carefulness, carelessness, artlessness, lawlessness, serviceable- 
ness. 

5. Myself, himself, ourself, ourselves, themselves, our own selves. 

6. One's self, man's self, whensoever, whatsoever, wheresoever. 

7. Whencesoever, howsoever, whosoever, whosesoever, whitherso- 
ever. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 83 

8. Therefore, wherefore, therefor, hereafter, afternoon, thereto, 
thereof. 

9. Whereof, thereon, whereas, whenever, wherever, wherein, herein. 

10. Therein, thereafter, hereinbefore, whatever, whichever. 

11. Accountable, profitable, feebly, sickly, nobly, completely, namely. 

12. Sensibility, legality, vulgarity, principality, popularity, orna- 
mental. 

13. Fundamental, supplemental, instrumentality, chronology, theo- 
logian. 

14. Theological, physiological, chronologist, chronological, zoological. 

15. Friendship, hardship, fellowship, native, nativity, positive. 

16. Positively, carefully, careful, truthful, joyful, joyfully. 



Business Letters. 
. 29 

_ ^.^..>..^.^/ y I^.7-...^,.L £A~J. 

-*— c^^Cc/^^*, /-^.l.. / ...\;.^ 

-VH ^^^— ^ — ^^/ 

^^4^ : ^ : t^-A _ _ 

^/.,„..jL^~idL^ |.....k^^..tb...v^...L .^...— ...L...c:X... 

^..-^o ; J^ .... /! !._^^. Z C-. - - -- - — -> 



84 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 
31. 



c^^. y....jL ^i... c\ 

rzX^JLZLkJLZL-^ ~ LD 



-^4 




32 



.^.A^ 



*-£ S./S 



£..^Im^.. 




Y^- 



ov t 



^.:..^....1.J.....\ ^.i:.._\._ 

if c . _^ t^ll i/ (v LL 




Ai.z.,/il 



U: v : i^l-^/^. 



C\> 



kt 



\> 



-Z3L 



:*^2^^u«^^l^ 



Messrs. Kaplin & Arnold, 

Trenton, N. J. 
Gentlemen: 

We have your letter of the 7th inst, enclosing a statement of your 
financial standing, exhibiting your assets to be $75,000 while 2 5 your 
liabilities are $52,000. In view of this large proportion of liabilities 
in comparison with your assets, we must say we do notso feel justified 
in shipping you the goods upon the usual terms of credit. We cannot 
understand how such a large indebtedness could be carried, during^ a 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 85 

season of dull times or a stringency in the money market, without in- 
curring a liability to embarrassment. 

Regretting, therefore, that we cannot ship theioo goods excepting 
payable cash on delivery, we are 

Yours very truly, (111 words) 



30. 
Mr. P. J. Murphy, 

Savannah, Ga. 
Dear Sir: 

Please note attached papers with reference to shortage on shipment 
from Simmons Hardware Co., St. Louis, way-bill F-41, June 15th, 1912, 
three boxes-' 5 of hardware and one spring, from the above concern to 
H. L. Jackson of your city, checked 0. K. at this station, but claimed 
short atso destination. It seems to have passed Atlanta in good con- 
dition, and our agent has received no exception report. 

We wish you would say whether 7 5 r not you know anything about 
this matter, as it has been hanging fire for a long time. Please do not 
side track this tracer,ioo as it is important that this shipment be 
shown. Claim will be presented if the goods are not located soon. 

Yours truly, (122 words) 

31. 

Mr. W. B. McKinley, 

Chicago, 111. 
Dear Sir: 

I assure you I am very sensible of the great honor of your invita- 
tion to the annual banquet of your club, for which 2 5 I wish to express 
to your committee my hearty acknowledgment. 

The renown of that meeting, and the attention which the speeches 
of such representative menoo and orators will command, make the in- 
vitation, at this time of unusual political interest, exceedingly tempt- 
ing, and I wish it were possible to avail myself^s f your courtesy. 

My engagements, already made, compel me to forego the signal 
pleasure you propose, and I can only express my sincere regret andioo 
my confidence that your organization will, by its patriotism and inde- 
pendence, greatly aid a wise and popular decision in the impending 
national campaign. Very respectfully,! 25 (125 words) 

32. 
Messrs. W. H. Thompson & Co., 

Cleveland, Ohio. 
Gentlemen: 

Your postal card of the 25th inst. at hand, ordering two corn shell- 



86 UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 

ers. Inasmuch as we have made no arrangements with you for2 5 next 
season, we thought it best to correspond with you previous to making 
shipment. 

We quote you the regular size at $8.50 with fan50 and feed table, 
and $7.25 without them. These prices contemplate terms of 90 days' 
time, but if cash is remitted within 15 days from? 5 the date of the in- 
voice, we will allow a discount of 5% from these prices. 

We are manufacturing a specially superior sheller this year,io° 
with every improvement that a sheller of this kind should have. It is 
built with the greatest care and will thoroughly please the farmers 
of 125 this country. We must have these prices in order to afford us 
a reasonable profit, and you will notice they are very little higher 
than* so the inferior shelters. 

With this understanding as to the prices and terms, we shall be 
glad to ship you whatever you desire. 

Yours truly,i75 (175 words) 



Word-Signs and Phrases. 



Vowels. 



an, and 
the 

all 

already 

ought 



A. I £.... 



to 

but 

should 

too- two . " 

owe '---^ '- '— 

who-rn 

whose , * 

whoever, who have — ■"■ " 

ay, aye 

I, eye, high V ^ 

how - 

I have / 



Brief W and Y. 

we, with c z> 

were £ 

what 

would u 
you ,.z>. ft 

ye 

yet n C 

beyond ...y. 

we were (or would) 

with what C -J 

were we (with or what) <C 

what we (would or were) 

would we (or what) (j 

with you ^) £/ 

were you 

what you O 

would you O. C\., 

you were (or would) 

ye were (or would) '-' 

yet we(were, with, what, U. 

beyond what [would) 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



87 



Word-Signs, Phrases and Contractions. 



able 

able to 

able to have 

about it 

about that 

about the 

about them 

about which 

abundant-ce 

above 

above all 

above our 

above his-us 

accept-ed-ation 

acceptable 

accident-al 

accord-ed-ing-ly 

account 

accountable 

accountant 

accuracy 

accurate-ness 

accusation 

acquisition 

Act of Congress 

Acts of Congress 

Act of Parliament 

active-ity 

additional 

advancement 

advantage 

advertise-d-r-ment 

affect-ed 

affection 

affliction 

after 

after all 

after he was 

after them 

after which 

again 

again and again 

against 

against his-us 

against which 

all 

all the 

all his 

all my 

all men 

all that you can 

alone 

along 

am 

am not 

amount-ed 

an, and 

and the 

and is, his, as 

and if 

and if it is 

and you may be 

angel 

annual 

another 

another one 

another letter 

any 

anyhow 

any more than 

any one 



!_ s_ 

A, 

v ' * 7 

a v V 

t £ - 

=" ; ^^- 




7~ 



£. 




any other 

any way 

anywhere 

appear 

appearance 

appeared 

apply 

applied 

appliance 

application 

apprehend-ed 

apprehension 

apprehensive 

approve-d-al 

are not 

are not to be 

are sometimes 

are the 

are there many 

are there not 

are you acquainted 

as 

as is, his 

as is the case 

as has 

as I am 

as if it 

as if there were 

as if they were 

as it is 

as it has been 

as it may be 

as it must 

as it should be 

as it was 

as far as 

as fast as 

as good as 

as he was 

as he would 

as little 

as long as 

as many as 

as not 

as soon as 

as there is 

astonish-ed-ment 

assist-ed 

assure 

assured 

at 

at all 

at all times 

at first 

at length 

at one 

at once 

at our. 

at our oWn 

attain 

attained 

attainment 

attract-ed 

attraction 

attractive 

authority-tative 

averse 

aversion 

avert-ed 

avocation 

avoid-ed-ance 




..g^.. 



<^ 



4 3 

i t 

I i 



* fe ■■- 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



aware • ■? x 

aware of "is i/ V" cannot 

away ^- cannot be said 

awful-ness L ( \ cannot enter 

lie \ cannot go 

be able to a care 

be able to bave \ . cared 

because ' \ careful-ly 

because tbe v certain-ty 

because he has —* ~* change-d 

because it mav be " v ^ > " changeable 

because there is . charge-d 

, .. . T — ^ \ chargeable 

because this Vo \j . 

because you were cneer 

before cheered 

before another V_A \f <*f«*il-ne BB 

before he-the -Vs-^.\r. W children 

before he will circumstance 

,.,.., \ \ \ circumstances 

before the judge \jj \r—* \ . . , . , 

before the next / circumstantial 

b een / clear-ed-ness 

been done \ \ Co. (company) 

been there T" ==? combined 

began ' J v come . 4 

. . . —r> \ come into 

begm-mng ■ — -> 

begun commence 

behind > \ N commences 

. , . , . / r A commenced 

behind each / / 

behind which ' " common 

behind the v o commonly 

.,.,,,. P ^ commonest 

behind their \ \> 

beheld complete 

belief <V < completely 

. ,. C > ^ completion 

belie ve-d \ ,. 

belong-ed - compliance 

body complaint 

. •' complied 

bold-ness « <\ <\ , 

brethren V \ V comply 

brother-hood v v V comprehend 

between us VjLf V__^ comprehensible-ihty 

between then ^ comprehensive 

between their n __ concern 

. , , . <• ^-^ n concerned 

beyond his-us A , , „ 

beyond him, me, my 1 conclude-d 

beyond our conclusion 

, ,, -v condition 

beyond the iz p ,.,. , 

but he-the - - conditioned 

l3 U { a n \ consequence-tial 

,.,,,. V V consequent 

built-d-mg ^ 3 . , ,. 

business " " — ' consider-able-ness 

but are not considered-ate-ness 

, , consideration 

but can , lP 

but he has *-* * d cons } s t . 

but we were \ consisted 

, , ., ., \ consistence-y 

but would it . i^ • j. j. 

but you say > *\ consistent 

by fc c J-v constant 

/ „ l\ V f \ constituent 

by all \ V W 

by all of } constitute-d 

by every \ v \ constitution-al 

... V \ \ construct-ed 

by his own ^—^ \ \ 

bv other \ \^r construction 

by other means \ \ \ constructive-ness 

by the way \ > > consume 

by which > x ~/' consumed 

by which there \ / consumption 

by your own > ^— °- contain 

call t - contained 

called contract-ed 

calculate-d-ation contraction 

can y - -■*---■— -a^ contractive 

can be > contrive-ance 

contrived 



^r 



*- /. 






./.. 



,N~J? .... N^P 'S_^.. 





T 




s. 


} 


\, 


\ 


V 


\ 


\ 


^ 


\. 


A. 


PL 


*Y. 

1, 


b 


°-o 


°-? 


1 


1 


1 


p 


p 


r 


? 


f 


j 


t 


1 


. i 


X 


1 




J 


J 


j 
i 


I 


1 


% 






UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



89 



.« «=x do yon remember 

control-led i ' do we know 

convert-ed l doubt 

conversion , ^ doubter 

conviction *-* down 

correct-ed-ness k down the 

correction _^ down there 

corrective during 

corrects - ••-- during the time 

could each 

could he-the each one 

could be able to "*r- —=^~...»-^.. each will 

could have been \ \ either 

could he be either one 

could he have been -^ .•^.....^_ v .. either way 

could he make x \ England 

could not f English 

could not he have r -" ~ 7 ~~^~t ^-/ entire 

could not he have it entirely 

could not say equably 

could they ..— -v^n . -r-^ ^.., equaled 

could we / V establish-ed-ment 

could we have even 

could you have been ~"Y «=*^..-kt»^-.- e ver 

could you be v_ > N ever liaye 

could you take every 

could you understand ^ """**$ -^> "~ every one 

countenance-d | evident-ce 

creature exact-ed-ness 

cure (^^ i^" exaction 

cured example 

curious 7 7 exception- al 

danger c Z_b' except-ed 

dangerous expect-ed-ation 

dear I L, expense 

dear sir -' *\- v expensive-ness 

dare not P ' f experience 

dear friend ' J experienced 

delight-ed ■•■ fc j explain-ation 

delinquent-cy p explained 

delinquents-cies J j J express-ive 

deliver-y-ed ' - d expressed 

deliverance » ~ n expression 

denominate-d-ion J u eye 

deride-d fail 

derision n % failed 

derive-ation t fall 

derived-ative fallen 

describe-d • felge 

description ° » family 

descriptive-ness farther, further 

?i 1 I J favor-ed 

did not J !*< - V feeli following 

did he not J f ew 

diduotsee , , , few instances 

did not understand Xj »i 1^ — - few days 

did he have -« ^-*- few men 

did he know first 

did you know k__^- U-^_^ U-i for 

did he not know - V; for a-an 

did he not have for a s-his-us 

didn't have { \ \ for he - the 

didn't have their •>- V- " ! for he has 

differ-ent-ence v - for he must 

difficult-y 1 1 for you may be 

direct-ed --V™ ■•-■*- *■< ■— for you will not 

direction q f or you have 

directness 1 [ *<>r we are 

distinct-ion J 8 - for we are sure 

doctor for it is the 

do I I I A p for U ls uis 

do you know ' Kz^ **-■ ^ for it: is onl y 
do you recognize 



V V» fer 



90 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



for it is generally 

for it must 

for all 

for our 

for several 

for several other 

for some 

for some other 

form-ed 

formation 

found-ed-ation 

frequent 

from 

from his-us 

from the 

from you 

from him-me-my 

from all the 

from among us 

from some 

from some of my 

from it 

from what the 

from your own 

full-y 

gave 

general-ly-ize-d 

generalization 

generation 

gentleman 

gentlemen 

give-n 

God 

good 

govern-ed-ment 

great 

greatest 

greatly 

greater 

had 

had he-the 

had he not 

had he have 

had had, had it 

has 

has as-his 

has been 

has to be 

has done 

has he been 

has it 

has it been 

has it not 

has not 

have 

hav-ing been 

have been the 

have been noted 

have been put 

have called 

have ever 

have ever thought 

have had the 

have not 

have not given 

have not known 

have not said 

have not seen 

have they not 

have their 

have this 

have to be 



l^ L_ 




a \ \ 

JL 



J "V 

k *- ~ 

k ,U.....Lc., 

Jw Wk, 

v\ - 

A, V*^...U-J2 H 



have to make 

have to find 

have we 

have we done 

have we not 

have you been 

have you ever 

have you known 

have you undertaken 

have your own 

he 

he calls 

he came 

he can 

he can be 

he can find 

he can not 

he cannot come 

he can not do 

he can not enter 

he can not know 

he can not use 

he did 

he did not 

he did not do 

he did not have 

he did not know 

he does not 

he had 

he had not 

he had to have 

he has-is 

he has not 

he has the 

he is the 

he has been 

he has to be 

he is not 

he was the 

he was not 

he went 

he may be 

he may not 

he must 

he shall 

he shall not 

he shall have 

he supposed 

he will 

he will not be 

he will be 

he will be there 

he wishes his-us 

he wonders 

he would be 

he would have 

hear, here, her 

hear the 

heard 

hers 

herself 

hereafter 

hesitate-d-ion 

high 

him 

himself 

his 

home 

homely 

home-made 

hope 

hopes 



..\w^......Vj^J>.\^\«j. 

v - — 



^._ X2. 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



91 



hope to have 
hopeful-ness 
hope you may be 
hope you will not 
hope you are not 
hope it may be 
how 

how a-an 
how the 
how are you 
how are they 
how are we 
how can 
how can it 
how could he 
how could we 
how could you 
how has he 
how has it been 
how have you 
how he is-has 
how is it 
how little 
how long 
how many 
how shall 
how was 
how was the-he 
how would the 
how would you 

however 

hundred-th 

I 

I acknowledge 

I admit 

I agree with you 

I am afraid 

I am aware 

I am compelled 

I am certain 

I am confident 

I am convinced 

I am glad 

I am rather 

I am sorry 

I am sure 

I am very sorry 

I ask you 

I believe 

I believe you will be 

I can 

I cannot 

I cannot enter 

I did not 

I did not anticipate 

I have 

I have been 

I have had 
I hope to have 
I hope you will 

I hope you may be 
I hope there will 
I must ask you 
I need 
I need the 
I need not say 
I may 
I may not 
I may be 
I represent 
I shall be 
I shall not 



■VVte^ 



\ 



z *" 



V 



* 




\\Z\ 




~A 



^ ± 



I should be 

I should have 

I should say 

I supposed 

I suppose there is 

I suppose you were(would) 

I think he-the 

I think it is 

I think it is he-the 

I think there is-has 

I think it may be 

I was 

I wonder 

I would 

I would not 

I would nr twithstanding 

I would say 

I would have you 

if 

if it 

if it is 

if it is his 

if it was 

if it were 

if you 

if you are 

if you will 

if he-the 

if he is-has 

imagine-ary-ation 

imagined 

immediate-ly 

important-ce 

impossible-ility 

improve-d-ment 

improvements 

in 

in all 

in the 

in his 

in consideration 

in consequence 

in confidence 

influence 

influences 

influenced 

in order (to) 

in order to go 

in order to have 

in our 

in receipt (of) 

in relief 

in regard (to) 

in reply 

in respect 

in response 

information 

instruct-ed 

instruction 

instructive-ness 

issue 

is 

is his-as 

is it 

is it not 

is it not probable 

is it reasonable 

is not 

is to 

it 

it is the 

it is not 




± ) 


L 


L 


V. 


l* 


lo 


"-) 


s, 


L 


^/W 


^> 


^ 


/ ■ 


■if 


*"> 






I I I 



) 

) L 



i^\ 



H 



J L. 



92 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



it is important 
it is impossible 
it had 

it had not 

it would 

it would be 

it would not 

its 

itself 

it will 

it will not 

jury, junior 

judge 

judgment 

just 

just as 

just as long ns 

just as good as 

just as much 

just as well as 

jurisdiction 

kingdom 

kingdoms 

kind 

kindly 

kindness 

know 

knows 

know there is 

know they are not 

known 

language 

large 

larger 

larger than 

largest 

largely 

let 

let us 

long 
longer 
longest 
longer than 
Lord 



.<b,.i^.. 



d L 

I J 



i 



/ £ l ~ 

A L>- .cA 



-*-* ~ /■ 

>/ J / 

-/~ c c. 



man 

manner 

may 

may be 

may not 

matter 

me 

member 

men 

mention 

mentioned 

mere, Mr. 

might-y 

mind 

more 

more than 

movement 

much 

much as has 

much has been 

much rather 

much value 

my 

myself 

nature 

natural-ly 

near 



nearly 
necessary 
no 

nobody 
no less 
no one 
no other 
none 

nor 

nor the 

nor will 

nothing 

ob, owe 

objeet-ed 

objection 

objective 

oblige 

obligation 

occur 

occurred 

occurrence 

occurs 

of 

of the 

of his-us 

of you 

of your 

of their 

of each 

of which 

of much 

of them 

of this 

of it 

often 

on 

on account 

on no account 

on every 

on having 

on having the 

on high 

on his-us 

on his account 

on his way there 

on his part 

on it 

on my own account 

on any subject 

on the face of it 

on one side 

on our 

on our account 

on our own part 

one 

one advantage 

one another 

one cannot 

one whom 

one more 

one of his-us 

one or two 

one part 

only 

only as-his 

only one more 

only time 

only the 

only way 

only their 

only we 

only you 



UNIVERSAL GRAHAM MANUAL 



93 



opinion 

opportunity 

opposition 

or 

order 

ordered 

ordinary 

other 

ought 

ought to be 

ought to go 

ought to have 

ought to have been 

our 

our object 

our own 

our way 

ours, ourself 

ourselves 

out 

out of it 

out of our 

out of the 

out of the question 

over 

over all his 

over and over 

over him-my-me 

over his-us 

over some 

over you 

own 

owned 

owner 

party 

particular-ly 

people-d 

perfect 

perfection 

phonography 

pleasure 

position 

possess 

possible-ility 

possibilities 

practice-al 

practiced 

preliminary 

pretty 

principle-al 

prove, proof 

put 

quality 

quantity 

qualify 

quarter 

quickly 

quicker 

quite 

quite as well 

quite probable 

quit 

rather 

rather than 

read 

real-ity 

realize 

relation 

relative 

relate-d 

remark-ed 

remarkable-y 



remember-ed 

remembrance 

rule-d 

satisfy-ed-actory 

satisfaction 



secret 

secretary 

Secretary of State 

Secretary of the Interior 

Secretary of War 

Secretary of the Treasury 

secure 

secured-ity 

seclude 

seclusion 

send 

send his-us 

send the 

send them 

send their 

send the order 

send you 

sent 

sent his-us 

sent you 

sent one 

set off 

set forth 

several 

several days 

several other 

several dollars 

several thousand 

several years 

shall, shalt 

shall not 

shall not be 

shall have 

share 

she 

she is-has 

she must 

she should have 

should 

should the-he 

should have 

should be 

should we have 

should we make 

signify-cant-ce 

signification 

similar-ity 

simple-icity 

simpler 

simplest 

situation 

so 

so as to 

so as to be 

so as to come 

so as to make 

so as to pay 

so far as 

so important 

so long as 

so you may be 

some 

some advantage 

some cases 

some chance 

some one 



X..A 

-f £ 




.%*/. &f 


s*. 




SU!,.„ 


t C 


K . 



t u j 

.2 A 2 



u>t. 



X 



-*c 



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Partial List of the Publications 

OF THE 

W. L. MUSICK PUBLISHING CO. 

UNIVERSAL DICTATION COURSE. 

The Course is prepared in and can be furnished in each of the 
following systems of shorthand: Graham, Benn Pitman (or 
Pitman-Howard), Isaac Pitman, Munson, Dement, Gregg, 
Eclectic, Revised Eclectic, Barnes, Sloan, DuPloyan, New Rapid, 
New Standard, Taylor Pitmanic, Piatt, Chartier, Aristography. 
A separate book for each system, but the type matter is exactly 
the same. The only difference in the books is in the shorthand 
outlines in the vocabularies, so that each pupil has identically the 
same work and the same method of study and practice, no matter 
what system is being written. 

List $2.00 

Universal Pitman Manual. — Strictly up to date with the 
latest Benn Pitman improvements. Purely Pitman. No inno- 
vations. One style of writing. Makes Pitman as easy as any of 
the quick systems and as quickly learned. It is in the method. 

List ...$1.25 

Universal Graham Manual. — This book is purely Graham. 
One style of writing. Arranged the same as the above book and 
with the same idea in view. Writing exercises with the words 
counted off in sections of 25 words, after each lesson. Graham 
is as easy as any other system if properly presented. 

List $1.25 

Universal Isaac Pitman Manual. — This book is purely 
Isaac Pitman, strictly up to date, with no innovations. It is ar- 
ranged on the same plan as the Graham and Benn Pitman, and, 
like them, presents the system so that it can be learned as quickly 
and as easily as any of the quick, easy systems, which proves that 
it is in the method. 

List $1.25 

Universal Dictation Course with the Manual bound in the 
front, thus having the whole course from the start to Court Re- 
porting in one book. It is a complete shorthand outfit in one 
book. The completest and most practical course ever published 
in one book. We furnish it in this shape in Benn Pitman (Pit- 
man-Howard), Graham, Isaac Pitman, and Eclectic. 

List $2.50 






Essentials of Grammar, Punctuation and Business 
Correspondence. 

Is a short, sharp, practical course in grammar, leading up to 
Punctuation. In Punctuation it gives rules based upon the prin- 
ciples of grammar and illustrations with each, and then unpunc- 
tuated matter to be punctuated. 

This leads up to Letter-writing. In this work all the different 
points in theory and form in Letter-writing are brought out, lead- 
ing up to actual .Letter-writing. 

Proposed letters are given to be composed, commencing with 
the simplest letters and leading to more difficult ones. 

List $0.65 

Key to Grammar. 

This is a key to Punctuation and Letter-writing in Essentials 
of Grammar, and is also a key to the Universal Dictation Reader 
in the back part of the Universal Dictation Course. 

List $0.15 

Musick's Touch Typewriting Instructor. 

This book presents the subject of typewriting by the usual 
method of typewriting instruction books. It begins with the mid- 
dle row of keys, and gradually brings in other letters until the 
whole key-board is brought in, giving systematic practice as each 
advance step is taken. It gradually develops into sentence writ- 
ing and then to letter writing, followed by other practice matter. 
It is a book of 150 pages, open endwise and cloth bound. 

List $1.00 

Seventy-five Lessons in Spelling. 

This book teaches the meaning of the prefixes and suffixes of 
words, which knowledge at once gives some insight into the mean- 
ing of words. This is followed by twenty lessons in the use of 
these prefixes and suffixes, by giving lists of words containing 
them and the root word and its meaning, to complete the defini- 
tion. 

This is followed by regular spelling lessons of forty words 
each, with the definition. The words are selected with great care 
and are the business vocabulary very complete, including the 
words frequently misspelled, except the very small common 
words. While these words are arranged in lessons of forty words 
each, they are also arranged alphabetically, so that any word may 
be found readily, as in a dictionary. 

List $0.26 



Shorthand Pocket Dictionaries. 

This Shorthand Pocket Dictionary is made up of words and 
phrases selected from actual business letters, court testimony, and 
other matter. It contains about 8,000 words and phrases, with 
the proper shorthand outlines, arranged for ready reference and 
study. It is of convenient vest-pocket size, and just the thing to 
use to put in odd moments and times of waiting, by getting cor- 
rect forms of outlines fixed in the mind. 

These dictionaries can be furnished to you in twelve different 
systems of shorthand. A separate book for each system. The 
notes are up to date and down to the minute. Be sure to men- 
tion what system of shorthand you want when ordering. 

List $1.00 

Universal Touch Typewriting. 

The scientific method of learning typewriting by touch. The 
science is the "how," and the art is the "doing." In other words 
this is a scientific method of training the writer to keep the eyes 
on the copy while writing and think where the keys are. 

This course is so presented that a stenographer in a position can 
change to touch typewriting without interrupting the regular daily 
work, or affecting his or her work in any way. 

It is a result of the experience of expert typewriter operators 
by the touch method. It will be a pleasant surprise to those who 
wish to change from the sight to the touch method of writing. 

List $1.25 

Musick's Practical Arithmetic. 
This book is well graded, and develops the subject in an in- 
teresting way. It is made up largely of matter selected from 
actual work, and the problems selected with special reference to 
usefulness. It is the practical book for Business Colleges, Public 
Schools and Normals. It contains a well graded plan of work in 
Rapid Calculation, Rapid Figuring, Billing, Figuring Prices, 
Practical Trade Discount, Lumber Figuring, etc. 

List $1.00 

Musick's Commercial Law. 

This book is carefully arranged with a view to teaching the 
subject and holding the interest of the pupil. It presents all the 
usual subjects of commercial law, with outlines and cases, in a 
way to thoroughly ground the pupil in the nature and obligations 
of business transactions in general. It presents the usual sub- 
jects taught in commercial law. 

It also contains the Declaration of Independence, Constitution 
of the United States, and Civil Government. 

List $1.00 



Practical Bookkeeping and Accounting. 
This course begins with the simplest things in bookkeeping, 
and leads into the principles by beginning with accounts in the 
most natural and simple way, showing the reason for debit and 
credit before any rules are given ; then the theory is presented by 
Journal, Cash Book and Ledger, after which the regular book- 
keeping in different forms is taught with all the incoming papers 
being received from the Wholesale House, which is a perforated 
book containing invoices and other papers to be checked, figured 
and entered ; also from the Receiving Book from which all incom- 
ing checks, drafts, notes, etc., are received in each transaction in 
proper order to be entered and filed. A key is furnished which 
has the different forms worked out. This course is designed to 
accomplish all that can be with an all-theory text book and all that 
is of value in the trading method'without the necessity of trading 
around through the department. No one is held back or incon- 
venienced in any way by others. 

Outfit— List $4.50 

Blank Books. 
These blank books are of excellent paper and well bound in 
heavy tag board covers. They are — 




ample for the course and make a good appearance. We can fur- 
nish them bound in cloth with name of school embossed on the 
cover, but have to add the extra cost to the price of the outfit, 
as it is figured in the price list on the basis of the cost of the tag 
board covers. 

List $1.25 



Note. — Regular discount to schools and dealers in quantities, 
on all books in the foregoing list. Any of the above books will 
be sent postpaid on receipt of price. 



i I 



